By Rabbi Hayim Asher Arking and Rabbi Ezra Ghodsi
Why Do We Eat Symbolic Foods?
On Rosh Hashanah, it is customary to eat simanim – symbolic foods – representing blessings and hopes for the coming year. For example, we eat apples dipped in honey for a sweet year, pomegranates for abundant merits, and dates for the elimination of our enemies. Each food is often accompanied by a “yehi ratzon” prayer, linking its symbolism to a specific blessing for the year ahead.
Why Do We Eat Sweet, but Not Sour Foods on Rosh Hashanah?
It is customary to eat sweet foods and not have foods with a sour or bitter taste. This should be a siman – an omen – for the coming year that it shall be a sweet year. The sweetness of a food does not necessarily change its nutritional value or composition; however, the desire to eat something sweet and palatable prevails. So too, although judgement is being passed, and we know that we cannot avoid His judgement, Hashem grants the ability for the judgement to be sweetened in a way that allows us to gain the “nutritional value” and benefit of what He would like us to perform and accomplish in this world, yet in a way that is sweet and palatable.
Even more than the symbolism of foods eaten, one should be careful to exhibit a calm demeanor, not get angry, and just be happy, as this also portends the future year.
Why Are There Different Orders of the Simanim?
One can find in the Mahzorim two different orders for the simanim, one based upon the preference of order of blessings in general, and the other based on the successive order of vanquishing our enemies. Either way is good, and it is preferable for one to follow their custom.
Should Each Person Recite Their Own Blessing?
It is preferable for everyone to fulfill their obligation with the beracha of the leader of the household. When many people do a mitsvah together, it is a greater honor for Hashem, as the pasuk says, “be’rov aam hadrat melech – with more people performing a mitsvah together, it is the splendor of the King.” If one wishes to recite his own beracha and not be “yotzai” with the baalhabayit he may do so.
Why Should We Have a New Fruit on the Second Night?
All holidays outside of Erets Yisrael are each two days due to the sanctity imposed by custom of when the new month was determined by witnesses. Within Israel, all knew the determination of which day was Rosh Hodesh through messengers. However, outside of Israel, as it was distant, it may not have been known for a while, so two days of the holiday were kept. This custom infused this second day with holiness, and even after the custom of setting Rosh Chodesh by witness testimony was replaced with the fixed calendar system we follow today, the holiness of the second day continues with us. Rosh Hashanah, because it falls out on Rosh Hodesh, even in Erets Yisrael Rosh Chodesh was not known around the country until after the holiday. Therefore, this same custom of observing the holiday for two days had been rooted even then. Furthermore, the two days of Rosh Hashanah are of great symbolic nature, inherently considered like one long day. When it comes to reciting shehechianu, we recite it on both the first and second nights of each holiday. However, since Rosh Hashanah is considered as one long day, technically, one should not recite it on the second day. Therefore, the preferred way is to have a new fruit or a new suit or an item with which to recite shehechianu on in conjunction with the second night of the holiday. If you do not have a new fruit or new suit for the second night, you may still recite the blessing of shehechianu.