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Exploring the Wonders of the Human Anatomy

What Do My Kidneys Do?

The answer is, quite a lot! The kidneys, which are part of the urinary system, are two bean-shaped organs, each about five inches long and three inches wide – about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. The kidneys play an important role in keeping the body functioning properly. Some of their important jobs include making hormones that help control your blood pressure; making red blood cells; and keeping your bones strong and healthy.

Perhaps the kidneys’ most important job, though, is to filter your blood and help get rid of waste products from your body. As blood flows past cells and through tissues, it collects more than a hundred different types of waste, as well as any excess sodium, blood sugar, and water in the body. Carrying all these waste products, the blood then travels to the two kidneys, where the wastes and excess substances are made into a liquid called urine. The urine passes through two tubes called ureters, one extending from each kidney, until it reaches a kind of “storage bag,” called the bladder. From there the urine leaves the body.

The average person has one to one and a half gallons of blood circulating through his or her body. The kidneys filter that blood about forty times a day!

Filter System

The blood vessels entering your kidneys divide into smaller and smaller branches. These lead to tiny filtering units called nephrons , which are so small that you can only see them with a high-powered microscope. There are more than one million nephrons inside each kidney! Tiny as they are, these nephrons catch all the stuff your body doesn’t need, and they send it all out as waste.

Food for Thought

The kidney bean is named for its resemblance in both shape and color to a kidney.

Facts & Figures

Although the weight of the kidneys is less than 0.5 percent of the total body weight, they actually receive a lot more blood than the other organs in the body. Almost 25 percent of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys!

The Great Balancing Act

Another important function the kidneys perform is monitoring the amount of fluid in the body. If someone does not drink enough, and/or loses fluid through sweating, his blood contains less fluid than normal. When this blood passes through a certain part of the brain, special receptors detect the drop in water level, and the pituitary gland (housed in the brain) is stimulated to release a special hormone into the blood. When this hormone reaches the kidneys, it causes these wonder organs to increase the amount of water they absorb from the liquid they are filtering. Thus, more water is retained, and less water is sent out through waste.

Similarly, if someone drinks a lot of water, this extra fluid finds its way into the person’s bloodstream, and tells the brain receptors of the increased water level. This, in turn, informs the pituitary gland to release less of the special hormone. When the kidneys receive this message, they re-absorb less fluid back into the system, and more water is sent out through waste.

It’s pretty incredible that each little kidney, weighing just six ounces, is so complex and so advanced that some of its functions are beyond human comprehension. Surely, whatever we do know about the kidneys is enough to make us recognize the greatness and wisdom of the One Who created them.

What Are Kidney Stones?

If you ever heard someone complain that he was in pain because he had kidney stones, you probably wondered: What exactly are kidney stones, and how do they get inside the body?

Kidney stones are hard collections of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys when too much of certain minerals, such as calcium, oxalate, and phosphorus, accumulate in the urine. These minerals are normally found in urine and do not cause problems. However, under certain conditions, these minerals can become too concentrated, and then they separate out as crystals. When these crystals in the urine attach to one another, they accumulate into a small mass, or stone. That is called a kidney stone.

Kidney stones vary in size. They can be small, like a tiny pebble, or they can be a few inches wide, or even bigger.

Most kidney stones pass out of the body on their own, without causing any harm. The smaller the kidney stone, the more likely it will pass by itself. If a stone is too large to pass on its own, several treatment options are available. Pain medicine and plenty of fluids help most people with kidney stones get better.

Staying Hydrated

Kidney stones often have no definite, single cause, although several factors may increase the risk of them. The leading cause of kidney stones is a lack of water. Kidney stones are more commonly found in people who drink less than the recommended eight to ten glasses of water a day. When you aren’t well hydrated, your urine becomes more concentrated, with higher levels of certain minerals, and when mineral levels are higher, it’s more likely that a kidney stone will form.

A Busy Bean

Kidneys pump around 400 gallons of recycled blood every day!

Fact or Fiction??

Drinking milk causes kidney stones.

This is not true. Drinking milk, which contains calcium, does not cause painful kidney stones to form. As a matter of fact, some research suggests that drinking milk is associated with loweringone’s chances of having kidney stones. According to this research, it is not too much calcium that can cause trouble, but having too little of it.

Living Emunah – You Had a Great Day

Rabbi David Ashear

Pursuing a livelihood can be stressful. Many people become depressed because they are not earning what they had expected. Their business occupies their minds day and night, and they can’t enjoy the simple pleasures of life.

It is important for a person not to lose focus and to remember the real purpose of life. We are here for a short time on a mission to serve Hashem in whatever surroundings He places us. If, over the course of a day, a person prays, learns Torah, does some good deeds, and makes other people feel good, then he had a great day. We have no control over how much money we earn.

The pasuk says (Mishlei 10:22), “it is [only] the blessing of Hashem that enriches” – that determines whether a person will be rich or poor. Hashem, Who knows what we need much better than we do, gives each person precisely the money he needs to do his job here properly.

Sometimes, a person needs to serve Hashem under financial hardship; for him, the doors of parnassah are closed. He shouldn’t berate himself for not achieving; he shouldn’t become depressed for not having; he should focus on fulfilling his real purpose: following the Torah and mitzvot with joy under the conditions in which he has been placed.

Money is such a small part of life. We need it to get by, but there is a much greater purpose for which we are put here. We need to trust Hashem that He knows how much money we need and that He will provide accordingly. It is so clear that parnassah is determined only by Hashem. We see it with our own eyes. Two people can be selling the exact same product; one is making millions while the other is struggling. How could that be?

Hashem could easily give a person money. The Targum (Devarim 8:18) says that even the idea as to which business to engage in comes from Hashem.

There’s a company called Airbnb that is worth billions of dollars. How did it start? Three roommates who couldn’t make their rental payments decided to inflate three air beds in their living room and rent them out. With a little advertising, they got three customers … and the rest is history.

Success is determined by Hashem and failure is determined by Hashem. Someone in Israel had the idea to purchase a certain type of maror to sell before Pesach. He bought an enormous quantity, but couldn’t attract customers and he lost a great deal of money. The idea was given to him by Hashem, Who determined that at this point in his life, he needs to live without that money. If he continues serving Hashem despite his difficult situation, he will be a huge success; he’ll be fulfilling his real purpose.

I know someone who needed to borrow money to make his monthly rental payments. Recently, one of his customers made an order that will bring him over $1 million profit. He didn’t know how he was going to pay for his basic expenses, and now, in a flash, he’s a millionaire.

The money we have is determined by Hashem. What’s important in life is what we do with what we are given. Some have, and some don’t. Some have today and they won’t have tomorrow. And some don’t have today and they’ll have a lot tomorrow. What’s important is putting our energy into what really matters – serving our Creator. And if we concentrate on that, we’re a definite success.

The Lighter Side – January 2026

Techno-Diner

Working on a computer all day has definitely messed with Sarah’s view of reality. We had just placed our lunch order, and as our waiter walked away, he slipped on a wet spot on the floor. “How about that?” she observed dryly. “Our server is down.”

Sally T.

Fatherly Advice

When I was learning to drive in the winter,” a father told his son, “I learned that if you’re ever lost in the snow, wait for a plow truck, then follow it.”

One cold, snowy Minnesota night, the son got lost on his way home. The snow was blowing so fast and piling up so high that he couldn’t see any street signs. With no map in his car and a dead cell phone, he thought he might be stranded, so he pulled over to the side of the road.

Then breaking through the flurries, he saw the headlights of a plow truck in his rearview mirror. Thanking his lucky stars, he turned in and followed the truck, hopeful that it would lead him back somewhere he recognized.

He followed that truck for what felt like hours. When the truck turned left, he’d turn left. The truck swung to the right, and he was right on its tail. After a while, the son saw brake lights from the plow, followed by four-way flashers. The plow had stopped, and he saw the driver get out and approach his car. He rolled down the window to talk to him.

Why are you following me, kid?” the plow driver asked.
“Well sir, my dad told me if I was ever lost in a snowstorm, I should wait for a plow truck and then follow it.”
“Well,” said the plow driver, “I just finished clearing the Target parking lot. Want to follow me over to Best Buy??”

Nathan S.

A Sure Cure

After suffering from a miserable cold for a week, Jeff visited his doctor and begged for relief. The doctor prescribed a pill, but it didn’t work. A week later, Jeff returned to the doctor, who gave him a shot. With no improvement in his condition and sicker than ever, Jeff visited the doctor a third time and said, “I’ve tried two medications you prescribed so far and neither of them helped. So before you recommend another treatment, you had better be sure it’s the right one.”
“Okay then, this is what I want you to do,” the doctor said. “Go home and take a hot bath. Then throw open all the windows and stand in the draft.”
“But I’ll get pneumonia!” protested Jeff.
“Exactly,” the doctor answered, “that I know how to treat!”

Abie C. 

Hotel Gripe

One cold, winter morning, a man walks up to the front desk of a hotel and complains to the concierge that he couldn’t sleep last night thanks to his upstairs neighbor.

They both decide to visit the room above to investigate. After some knocking, the concierge opens the door to find a guest who looked a bit groggy; after some explanation from the concierge later, the guest apologized and explained that he had just flopped on his bed after a long, exhausting day, and took off his winter boot, which landed heavily on the floor. Realizing how noisy it was, he decided to carefully take his other winter boot off and gently place it on the floor.

The manager, confused about the first guest’s intent, asks him, “You’re telling me you couldn’t sleep from that one thud?” The man replies, “I was waiting for the other boot to drop!”

Martin G.

A Ticket to Ride

A motorist was speeding down the highway when a cop caught up with him and ticketed him for speeding. “What am I supposed to do with this?” the motorist grumbled as the policeman handed him the speeding ticket. 

Keep it,” the cop said. “When you collect four of them, you get a bicycle.” 

Rena P.

The Vitality Secret

My wife recently ran into the housekeeper who used to clean our house many years ago and was surprised to hear that she was still at it, despite her advanced age. “How do you manage to do all the strenuous work housekeeping entails?” my wife asked.

“I do housework for clients who can’t see the dirt any better than I can,” she replied.

Jack G.

Food Service

Upon entering a local burger joint, Jason ordered a burger with a tomatoes and “minimal lettuce.” The woman behind the counter apologetically replied, “Sorry, but we only have iceberg lettuce.”

Ed G. 

A Winter Break

A Russian man lives all alone in a cabin. One day, someone from the government shows up and tells him that due to a map surveyor’s error in the 1990s, the cabin he lives in was mistakenly marked as part of Russia, but in fact, it’s actually a part of Belarus.

Oh thank Gd!” the man exclaims. “I don’t think I would have been able to stand another Russian winter here.”

Greg K.

Need of Relief

Phil was exhausted. His wife had just given birth and he had to watch their four older children for a few days. Although it was only for two hours a day, Phil was at his wits’ end and he had a splitting headache. Looking for some relief, he brought the kids over to his parents’ home for a visit. As soon as his father saw him, he noticed his poor condition. 

Phil, you look terrible,” he observed. “Why don’t I get you some aspirin?” 

No thanks, Dad,” Phil replied. “I just took two aspirin.”  

Well, it seems you didn’t follow the instructions,” his father said. Dad brought Phil a bottle and showed him the small print: “Take two aspirin” and “Keep away from children.” 

Alice B.

Inner Harmony

My therapist told me that the way to achieve true inner peace is to finish what I start. So far today, I have finished two bags of chips and a chocolate cake.
I feel better already.

A. N. 

Lightning Hammer

During our home renovation, my wife was watching me drive in some nails. “You hammer like lightning,” she said.
“Really?” I replied, flattered.
“Yes, really…you never strike the same place twice.”

Molly H.

Riddles – January 2026

RIDDLE: Two Doors, One Truth

Submitted by: Robert D.

You stand before two guards and two doors.
One door leads to freedom, the other to doom.
One guard always tells the truth, the other always lies.
You don’t know which is which.
You may ask one question to one guard to figure out the door to freedom.
What should you ask?

Last Month’s Riddle: The River Crossing

A farmer needs to cross a river with a wolf, a goat, and a cabbage.
He has a boat, but it can only carry him and one item at a time.
He can’t leave the wolf alone with the goat, or the goat alone with the cabbage. How does he get all three across safely?

Solution: The farmer needs to make the following 7 trips: 1) Take the goat across. 2) Go back alone. 3) Take the wolf across. 4) Bring the goat back. 5) Take the cabbage across. 6) Go back alone. 7) Bring the goat again. All safely across!

Solved by: Shaul Beida, Sophia Ovadia, Aaron Ovadia, The Big Cheese, Ari Matatov, Family Blum, Daniel Husney, Bella Husney, Haim Soleimani, Marty Esses, and Rose W.

JUNIOR RIDDLE: What Am I?

Submitted by: Lori P.

The more of this you take, the more you leave behind. What am I?

Last Month’s Junior Riddle: The Ever-Increasing Word

What 7-letter word contains thousands of letters?

Solution: Mailbox!

Solved by: Meir Saieda, The Blum Family, Shelomo Sutton, H. Soleimani, Rose W., Shaul Beida, Frances Goldman, Big Mike, Family Faham, and The Shmulster

The Kosher Cooler – Noam Water’s Innovations Significantly Improve Getting Hot Water on Shabbat

Victor Cohen

From ovens, to refrigerators, to heating drawers and freezers, the advent of “Shabbat mode” technology has significantly enhanced several aspects of Shabbat observance. Many refrigerators, for example. now have “Shabbat button” that one can easily press on Friday afternoon to disable to door sensor so that the door may be opened and closed on Shabbat without turning the light on or off. Especially this time of year, when Shabbat begins early on Friday afternoon, every spare second on Friday counts, and so any technology that makes Shabbat preparations more convenient is a welcome addition to the Jewish home.

Noam Water has continued this trend with a new product that allows busy Jewish households to erase an item from their Friday afternoon “to do” list.

Every Host’s Nightmare

Every Friday afternoon, someone in the home needs to remember to pull out the urn, fill it up with water and turn it on. As heating water on Shabbat is forbidden, the hot-water urn – which is filled before Shabbat and keeps the water hot throughout Shabbat – has become a ubiquitous feature of Shabbat-observing households. But besides the inconvenience of this process on busy Friday afternoons, there are also other drawbacks – the risk of the water running out on Shabbat, especially when there is lots of company, and the hazard of having a large – often less-than-sturdy – container of boiling hot water on the crowded kitchen counter.

Moreover, there is the risk of forgetting to prepare the urn before Shabbat. It’s every host’s nightmare – you’re having company Friday night, and you’re running around all day Friday, just barely making it into Shabbat. Then, as you go to the kitchen to prepare tea to accompany dessert, you realize that the hot water urn is still in the cabinet…

But what if your hot water urn could prepare itself for Shabbat? Imagine if this process unfolded automatically, so you don’t have to think about it when you’re busy with all your other Shabbat preparations?

In 2026, with so much of our lives being automated, this shouldn’t be a fantasy. And, thanks to Noam Water, it isn’t.

Noam Water is a water cooler/heater powered by Israeli technology, marking a huge leap forward from the typical Shabbat urn, allowing one to use the same source for hot water on Shabbat as on weekdays. Noam Water can be used on Shabbat in a permissible way just as easily as an everyday, 24/7 water cooler and heater in your home. It is the ultimate Shabbat product because it obviates the need to manually toggle between different modes – it knows how to do it on its own!

Shortly after it hit the Israeli market, Noam Water was servicing over 100,000 households throughout the country. The creators did not initially plan on bringing this product to the U.S. market, but due to popular demand, they have now brought their innovation to these shores.

Let’s explore Noam Water in more detail – looking at the safety-related reasons why it got started, some of the important aspects behind its design, and why this amazing, game-changing innovation has become so popular in the Jewish world.

Safety Comes First!

The founders of Noam Water took note of the danger posed by hot water urns in small, crowded kitchens, especially when young children are in the home. Too many dreadful stories are told of youngsters who suffered burns, Heaven forbid, as a result of an urn that toppled over. Noam Water set out to create a product with a safe, sturdy design that’s easy and safe for everyone. Moreover, it does not need to be brought out especially for Shabbat. It is a 24/7 water cooler and heater, giving families the chance to truly get acclimated to its structure and reducing chances of injury.

In a video presentation, Rabbi Shmuel Choueka of Congregation Ohel Simha (Park Avenue Synagogue) highlighted a key advantage of Noam Water, emphasizing its safety.

“The most important thing,” Rabbi Choueka enthused, “is that it doesn’t allow for any accidents with hot water urns, has veshalom [Gd forbid], falling on kids.” Safety comes first, and Noam Water helps make households safer.

It is also safe in a different way. Typical urns and water heaters that are supposedly “Shabbat friendly” do nothing to filter the water that they receive, letting harmful chemicals and tiny particles get in, dirtying the water and potentially causing harm to your health. Noam Water features a double-filtration system designed to ensure that you’re drinking pristinely clean water at all times.

A Built-In Jewish Calendar

Noam Water is unique in that it was designed from the outset to serve Shabbat observant Jews. The accommodation for Shabbat observance was not a later addition or modification; it was created for this very purpose, to provide a convenient, permissible way to access hot water on Shabbat.

Noam Water is synchronized with the halachic Jewish calendar, such that it automatically switches to “Shabbat mode” one hour before Shabbat and Yom Tov, and turns back to “weekday mode” one hour after the conclusion of Shabbat and Yom Tov. It is programmed to align with halachic times for nearly the next three decades, until the year 2054.

When Shabbat begins, Noam Water stores about 5.5 quarts of water to be used as hot water throughout Shabbat. For those – like myself – who rely on coffee for their day-to-day functioning, this means approximately 30 cups. Unless you’re having a coffee or tea party (or really trying to stay awake…), with Noam Water, you should be completely fine in terms of hot water supply.

Noam Water provides an unlimited supply of cold water, too, to cover your needs during the hot summer. It also provides water at room temperature.

The convenience offered by Noam Water directly translates into significant health benefits. Simply put, the convenient access to filtered water at the desired temperature encourages you to drink water – which, as we know, is critically important for maintaining good health.

Unfortunately, many people – particularly on Shabbat – choose other, less healthful, beverages, such as soda and other sugary soft drinks. The cold water spigot on the Noam Water cooler makes it inviting to do the right thing for your body and drink water. And, as mentioned, the double-filtration system ensures that you’re drinking the cleanest water available. If the filter malfunctions, the company will personally send over a Noam Water representative to fix it.

The installation process, too, is relatively simple and convenient, requiring only around 30 minutes. It has already become a hit in Israel, and will undoubtedly earn the same popularity among observant Jewish homes here in the United States, as well.

Rabbinic Endorsements

Noam Water has secured certifications from both OU and CRC, ensuring that their product is fully compliant with halachic requirements. They received authorization also from the renowned kashrut agency of Rav Avraham Rubin, and of the Technological Institute for Halacha. This is, by far, the most halachically-sound water cooler/heater in the world.

“It has all the right haschgachot [supervisions], I saw it with my own eyes,” Rabbi Choueka says. “I hope everyone buys it, and I wish them hatzlachah [success].”

Rabbi Eliezer Harari also signed on, saying, “It’s halachically good and kosher, and it’s also safe.”

Additionally, Hacham Yitzhak Yosef, the former Chief Rabbi of Israel, gave his blessing to both the first iteration of the Noam Water system and the newest, second edition, emphasizing that there is no possibility of Shabbat desecration when using this product. Rabbi Shlomo Moshe Amar, another former Chief Rabbi of Israel, said that the arrangement designed by Noam Water enhances the honor of Shabbat, and he strongly encourages people to use it.

The Next Generation of Shabbat Technology

As technology continues to improve lives around the world on so many different levels, it’s heartening to see that in the Jewish world, we are continuing to innovate and come up with new ways to help us serve Hashem better. Shabbat modes on appliances make it easier and more convenient for the average Jew to keep Shabbat by simplifying some of the processes. Noam Water has now taken halachic technological innovation to an entirely new level. For many years, the hot water urn has been a fixture in the Orthodox Jewish home, together with a blech/hotplate and crockpot. The new Noam Water machine is eliminating the need for an urn with a safer and more convenient way to heat water in a halachically acceptable manner.

More generally, Noam Water is paving the way for further innovation through its built-in halachic calendar. It is spearheading a revolution in Shabbat preparation by providing an automated system that turns itself on and off when Shabbat begins and ends, allowing us to do the many other things that we need to get done. Ever since the first Jew stuck a piece of tape over the sensor to a fridge, keeping the light permanently off during Shabbat, Jews have been innovating to make the conveniences of modern life easy and halachically valid. Noam Water is taking us one giant leap forward through its ground-breaking automation technology, which is likely to become standard in Jewish homes within the next decade.

As Jewish homes continue to integrate advanced technology, Noam Water offers a compelling glimpse into the future of Shabbat living. Its seamless automation, built-in halachic awareness, and emphasis on safety suggest a new standard – one in which observance and convenience no longer compete, but work in harmony. If this is the direction Shabbat technology is heading, Noam Water may well be remembered as a turning point.

From the Files of the Bet Din

The Case

Down the Drain

Danny rented a very old house from his landlord, Joseph, who resided most of the year in Florida. After years of tenancy, Danny received a water bill nearly ten times the sum he regularly pays. He brought in a plumber to inspect the home to determine the source of the problem. To his dismay, the plumber detected a burst water pipe below the concrete foundation of the home. Danny instructed the plumber to immediately repair the pipe, which included working through the concrete, repairing, and restoring the property. The price for the plumber’s services and for his accurate detection of the leak with state-of-the-art equipment was $4,000. Danny paid the plumber and later informed Joseph of the outstanding $4,000 bill. Danny, as well, expressed to Joseph that he is seeking compensation for nearly the entire sum of the exorbitant water bill. Additionally, Danny requested of Joseph to pay him for the ruined carpet he recently installed in the basement and for other damages caused to his personal property. Joseph responded that he was unwilling to partake in any of the costs Danny incurred. Joseph explained that the exorbitant fee of the high-end plumber was hired without his authorization, and furthermore, he claimed that the water bill is not his responsibility. Likewise, he countered, that the damaged carpet Danny chose to install in the basement is not his obligation to replace, nor was he required to reimburse him for any damages.

How should the Bet Din rule, in favor of Danny or Joseph and why?

Torah Law

According to the ruling of the Shulhan Aruch, it is the responsibility of a landlord to restore a property that has suffered damage. While this ruling is subject to several conditions, nevertheless, in the event a water pipe randomly bursts, a landlord is required to repair the pipe. Since the landlord is earning an income from the tenancy arrangement, he is required to provide the tenant with adequate living conditions as stipulated.

By rule of the Shulhan Aruch, if an unauthorized party invests funds into another’s property, the investor is entitled to compensation for the costs incurred. This ruling is applicable whether the expense sustained was for the repair of damage to the property or for the costs of home improvements. The rationale behind this ruling is that since the landlord is directly benefitting from the unauthorized repairs, his is required to pay for the value of that benefit. A Bet Din will carefully evaluate the value of the benefit received before requiring a landlord to pay the total amount of the bill.

Occasionally, a Bet Din will exempt a landlord from paying for unauthorized home improvements and will subsequently instruct the investor that he is entitled to remove the installments he chose to install.

According to Torah law, one is not required to pay for damages effected by his private property if the damage was caused by circumstances beyond his control. This exemption is not applicable unless the property owner was completely passive regarding activating the cause of the damage. Driving an automobile or starting a fire and consequently causing damage is obviously not included in this exemption, as the offender is playing an active role in the accidental mishap. In the event of a burst pipe, a landlord is exempt from any damage caused, since he was completely passive while his property inadvertently caused damage.

Contemporary halachic authorities view a tenant as liable for all utility costs sustained by the property. Since the contract signed with the landlord requires a tenant to pay the water, electric, and gas bills, he is responsible regardless of the sum or the cause of an inflated bill. Unless it is rendered illegal by state law to impose on a tenant the requirement to pay for the water and heating bill, the tenant is required to comply with the contract’s provision. In short, upon signing of the contract the landlord transferred his responsibility to the tenant regarding all utility costs.

A Bet Din will advise litigants to work together in harmony when preparing an insurance claim. Working together can promote the recouping of at least part of the loss sustained. They are, however, required by Torah law to comply with the insurance companies’ regulations by acting with honesty and transparency.

VERDICT: A Split Decision

Our Bet Din ruled in favor of Joseph, the landlord, and required Danny to pay for the exorbitant water bill. As explained in Torah law, Danny assumed responsibility for all utility bills of the property when he signed on the lease, which explicitly stated so. Thus, Danny is obligated to pay regardless of the cause of the inflated bill, since Joseph effectively transferred his own liability to Danny. This ruling is nevertheless subject to state law, as certain states require a landlord to pay for water and heating bills. Joseph and Danny’s contract requiring Danny, the tenant, to pay the water bill was legal and binding.

Regarding Danny’s damaged carpet and other belongings, Joseph is exempt from payment. Since Joseph did not actively inflict the damage nor was he negligent, he is exempt for the damage inadvertently caused by the pipe.

On the other hand, our Bet Din ruled that Joseph is obligated to reimburse Danny the $4,000 he laid out to repair the broken pipe. Although Danny acted without Joseph’s authorization, nevertheless, upon inquiry, it was apparent that a very efficient job was done for a relatively cheap price. Joseph ultimately benefitted from the repairs done to his property and is thus required to reimburse Danny.

Our Bet Din reminded Danny that perhaps his home insurance would cover the cost of repairs and requested of him to include in his claim all the details of both his and Danny’s damages with honesty and complete transparency. Perhaps Joseph’s policy covers some of his tenants’ damage as well.

YOU BE THE JUDGE

I Thought I Paid

Brenda is an experienced dressmaker who regularly designs gowns for lavish affairs. Sandy, a mother of the bride, hired Brenda to sew her a gown. Two months after the wedding, Brenda called Sandy to collect the $2,500 owed to her for her services. Sandy replied that although she clearly remembers that she did not pay Brenda when she first picked up the gown, she thinks she paid for it in cash one week later. Sandy explained that when she dropped off the petticoat she had borrowed from Brenda, she was carrying the money owed and presumes she paid Brenda at that time. Furthermore, Sandy complained that the original price of the gown was only $2,000, not $2,500, as Brenda claims. In Bet Din, Brenda was adamant that Sandy did not provide payment and that the amount due is $2,500. Brenda agreed that Sandy indeed dropped off the petticoat about a week later but claims she never received payment at that meeting.

Is Sandy required to pay $2,500 or $2,000 or is she exempt from paying Brenda? How should the Bet Din rule and why?

Building Dreams Together – The Physical Courage to Continue

Jack Gindi

Every neighborhood has “that house…”
You know the one – the remodel that was supposed to take six weeks… and is now entering its second season with a porta-potty in the driveway and a stack of lumber that seems to have settled in permanently.

The siding is half done. The porch is a construction zone. The family keeps saying, “We’re almost there!”

We’ve all lived some version of that story, whether in our homes or in our habits. A burst of enthusiasm gets us started. A little adversity stops us cold. And suddenly weeks, months, or even years pass while the project waits for someone to pick up a hammer again.

Most remodels don’t fail because they were too hard. They fail when the flow breaks – when weather shifts, materials delay, and life’s distractions steal the momentum.

And nothing in American history shows the difference between excitement and commitment more clearly than Valley Forge.

Winter at Valley Forge, 1777

Washington’s army was starving, freezing, and diseased. Blood stained the snow from men walking without boots. Two thousand soldiers were dead before spring. And still – they stayed. They trained. They endured.

What amazes me is this: those soldiers didn’t have motivation. They committed. And commitment is the ingredient modern life needs most.

As America celebrates 250 years of freedom, I’ve been thinking about what those soldiers understood that so many of us still struggle with. Great dreams don’t need perfect conditions. They need daily decisions.

Most people confuse the excitement of beginning with the discipline of continuing. We imagine a better version of ourselves, but then life’s distractions overwhelm us. The truth I’ve learned, after falling on my face more than once, is simple: motivation is a spark. Discipline is the fuel.

Washington’s soldiers didn’t wake up inspired. They woke up miserable. But they were loyal to something larger than their own discomfort.

I’ll be honest – I’ve abandoned more personal “remodels” than I care to admit. Until I learned a hard truth. The only person I let down was myself.

R.I.S.E

In my work with families and individuals, I’ve relied on a simple tool that helps bridge the gap between inspiration and follow-through. It’s called R.I.S.E., and it’s a four-second reset for the moment your resolve begins to wobble.

Recognize: What’s happening right now?
Inquire: What story am I telling myself?
Separate: What are the actual facts?
Elevate: What would my committed self-do?

You can apply it anywhere in life: the conversation you keep avoiding, the health choice you want to delay, the project you keep postponing because “next week will be easier.”

Recognize: I don’t want to do this.
Inquire: “I’m too tired. Now isn’t the right time.”
Separate: I have five minutes.
Elevate: I’ll start the task for just five minutes.

That four-step process has saved me from abandoning more “renovations of character” than I can count.

Valley Forge taught something profound about human nature: every dream, every mission, every responsibility rests on the same starting point. Your body must show up. Not perfectly. Not pain-free. Not motivated. Just present.

Real Change

So forget the fantasy of overnight transformation. Real change comes from three commitments:

Make it ridiculously small. Not “I’ll overhaul my life,” but “I’ll take one concrete step today.” Small steps compound.

Remove the motivation requirement. Assume you won’t feel like it. Build a system that works anyway. Commitment doesn’t depend on feelings.

Stack your R.I.S.E. moments. Daily micro-decisions shape us far more than grand declarations.

As America honors 250 years, I’m not asking what project you’ll “start someday.” I’m asking: What are you committed to finishing?

Valley Forge teaches us this: the people who change the world aren’t the most motivated, they’re the most committed. They show up cold, scared, uncomfortable – and they show up anyway.

Your body, your habits, your relationships, your dreams, they’re all remodels in progress. The work won’t always be convenient. But it will always be worth it.

So here’s the dream builder’s question: What will you pick back up today? Not “I’ll try.” Not “I hope.” What will you decide?

The experiment of freedom continues. And it starts, as it always has, with one courageous step at a time.

Community Pulse – Visiting a Mourner’s Home

What should you say when you visit a house where a family is sitting shivah? There are definitely things you should and should not say. I recently had a few odd experiences when my brother-in-law, passed away a couple of weeks ago. The incidents made me realize that while visitors mean well, they do not always realize that their words may be very hurtful to someone who is in mourning. It can even be hurtful to close family friends and relatives. Sometimes the mourners are in complete shock, and are not even really hearing anyone’s words. But it means a lot to them to see relatives and friends that care about them. It’s nice to have light conversation, and maybe talk about the person with a personal reflection. After all, we want their neshama to elevate to the highest level possible.

Community Member #1

When I was a young girl in elementary school, a boy in my class lost his mother. My mother suggested that I go to visit and said that she would go with me to the house. It was the first time I had visited a house of mourning, and because my mother helped me through it, it went as best as could have been expected. There were no words to say, except to note, that he knew that I cared enough to visit him during his time of need. I don’t know whether or not he would even remember that I visited him, but it doesn’t matter. I know that I learned a strong lesson that day, and it stayed with me for a long time. I’m happy that my mother showed me that I should not be afraid to go, and that it is an important and necessary part of living in our community by going to events that are both happy and sad.

Community Member #2

Someone came up to me while I was paying respects and asked me about what happened. Not only did I not know what happened, I also didn’t think that it was the right time to discuss medical issues that the person may have had, and it is definitely not the right time to discuss whether anyone else should be looking into their medical issues. There are very healthy people who have had untimely deaths. The time and place for these discussions should be at a later time, if at all, and during a one-on-one conversation. I don’t feel it is right to embarrass anyone in a room full of people. Also, I think it’s a good idea to keep visits short, and move over to let new visitors get to the mourners.

Community Member #3

I overheard a really nice conversation when I went to pay respects to a relative recently. The person came in, waited to move to the front patiently, and then told a story that the family did not know about their relative who had passed away. It was a thoughtful, warm story about something that happened when they were children. It was cute, made everyone smile a little, and showed that the visitor not only knew the deceased, but remembered stories from many years ago. I thought this was perfect in so many ways.

Community Member #4

While I was sitting for my father, someone brought out some old pictures. We started to look through them, and passed them around for everyone to see. After looking through many photos, I felt that I was going to cry, and got up while wiping away some tears. A visitor said to me, “Oh, you must be the sensitive one.” I could not even speak, and I was very hurt. I’m not sure what the person was thinking, but this was a perfect example of think before you say something out loud. I have thought about this over the last years, and it always hurts me.

Community Member #5

I have noticed that the dress code has definitely improved over the last few years. In the past visitors were not always dressed properly. They wore bright colors, excessive jewelry, and even revealing clothing. Now, since our community has become more religious, it is nice to see visitors coming into homes with the respect owed to the families. I think it is a strong step forward for our community.

Community Member #6

When I was sitting last year, I finally came to understand why the times for visiting are posted and why people should try their best to adhere to the times. By 9pm, I was so tired, I could barely move, let alone meet with friends or family. It is a really long day. I know that it can be hard to get to people sometimes, and of course, we all want to visit when we can. But having gone through it, I now have a better understanding. I have always had a very open home and people love to drop by anytime. This is never a problem for me at all. In fact, I encourage it. But when I was in mourning, a friend stopped by on Shabbat, unannounced. My wife invited them into my home, gave them a cup of coffee, and made them feel at home. It was a good time for them, but not for me. I was looking forward to clearing my head and getting some rest. I don’t think they thought it through, but next time, maybe they will think of the mourner.

Community Member #7

Of course, no one knows exactly what to say when they visit, but I have found that after making eye contact with the person sitting shiva, or lightly tapping their shoulder, I say that I am truly sorry for their loss. The rest will come naturally. I let them talk. Usually, I am a big talker, but I find that they really want to talk about the person. You would think that it would be hard for them, but they do like to tell stories and share recollections. Sometimes, I have learned new things about the person that I didn’t previously know.

Community Member #8

A few years ago, I went to an arayat for someone that passed away. As the reading of the Tehillim was taking place, all of the men were sitting around a large table, picking at nuts and dried fruit. Each one took their turn reading a portion, and the rabbi that was running it corrected them throughout. The rabbi explained that the words need to be precise when reading Tehillim. All of the men seemed to understand this, and of course, were respectful to the rabbi. Suddenly, when one of the men was corrected slightly, he took offense, and was visibly annoyed. Then, when he was corrected again, he spoke loudly to express his annoyance to being corrected. Then, after a third time, he left the table altogether. I was sitting in the back listening when this incident happened. Every person in the room felt uncomfortable, and it was rude. This was one of the first, and hopefully, will be the last time, that I will ever see this type of inappropriate outburst. It was disrespectful to everyone there including the mourners, the rabbi, friends, and family.

In conclusion, we have a very special community that comes together in times of sorrow. We see people coming to visit that we have not seen in years. We feel the losses together, never alone. The best thing that we can do is be there for our friends and relatives in the best way possible. This is not meant to call anyone out. I just want the best for our community members, and I am sure everyone wants the same thing. Shivah is about the mourner, not the visitor.

To end on a lighter note, I share this story about my brother-in-law. When I first came into the family, my future husband, invited me to a Friday night dinner at his parents’ house. At some point during the meal, he asked my brother-in-law how the mongoose was doing. I started to get nervous, since I didn’t know that there was an animal there. My husband and brother-in-law, noticing my fear, decided to go a little further. First, they told me that the mongoose is always loose and not to worry because he is tame. But of course, I started to look around on the floor, and I really began to panic. Then, my brother-in-law wanted to know if I wanted to pet it. He was surprised that I had not seen it or heard that he had one in the first place. I then got up from the table in a state of hysteria, and started to run towards the front door to leave. Then they finally broke down laughing and explained that his bike is called a Mongoose (that was the brand). It took me a few minutes to understand and to calm down.

But, I then realized, this was not the end. It would be the first of many pranks that they pulled on me through the years. I actually enjoyed them, believe it or not. I will miss my brother-in-law more than I can say without crying. May we only know good things…

The Perfect Season

Sam Sutton

Every DFL season starts with big talk, bold predictions, and a whole lot of confidence flying around WhatsApp chats. But when the dust settles, only one thing ever truly matters: who can deliver when it counts. Who can stay locked in, week after week, while the league throws its best shot at you. This year, that answer was undeniable.

The Baltimore Ravens didn’t just win the DFL. They controlled it. They defined it. And ultimately, they finished something incredibly rare in sports, a perfect season. From the moment this roster came together, there was a sense that this team had the ingredients. But nobody could have predicted they would roll through the league with this level of discipline, maturity, and competitive fire.

THE SIEGEL – COHEN AXIS

Every great team has a heartbeat. For the Ravens, that heartbeat was Eli Siegel. Siegel didn’t just play quarterback. He conducted games. He managed tempo, attacked matchups, and delivered throws that belonged in slow-motion highlight reels. His composure was unmatched, even in chaos. Even when the pocket collapsed. Even when the moment was enormous.

And behind every great QB is the one man who touches the ball before he does. Enter Victor Cohen, the league’s most reliable center and Siegel’s on-field equal in terms of impact. Together, they were the DFL’s most consistent pairing. Cohen’s leadership, protection, and football IQ created a foundation that never cracked! Not once. Their chemistry is one of the defining elements of this undefeated run.

WEAPONS EVERYWHERE

A perfect season isn’t built on talent alone. It’s built on stars embracing roles, role players becoming difference-makers, and everyone buying into the mission. And this Ravens roster checked every box.

Danny Massry delivered a full-blown comeback season, finally back, finally unleashed, and finally playing like a WR1 with something to prove. Big catches. Big moments. Big leadership.

Mordy Sultan was simply electric. Whenever he touched the ball, the entire field tilted. His playmaking ability forced defenses to stay honest, and his toughness turned short routes into long gains.

Menachem Dubin, the mid-season pickup, was the missing puzzle piece. He didn’t just fill a void; he changed the defensive identity. Alongside Noam Katsil, fresh off last year’s championship run, the secondary became suffocating.

And then there was the two-headed chaos creators up front: Escava and Sultan. Their pressure was not pressure, it was disruption. It forced offenses off-script and into panic mode. Few duos have caused this much weekly turbulence.

Finally, Spinrad, the quiet glue guy. The player who doesn’t care for the spotlight but makes winning possible. Every championship team has someone like him. Most don’t appreciate them until it’s over. The Ravens did.

THE SEASON OF STATEMENTS

Undefeated seasons aren’t smooth. They’re built on storms weathered, not avoided. And the Ravens weathered them all. They won shootouts. They won grinders. They won games that looked over until they weren’t. They won games that were over before halftime.

And every time the league whispered, “This might be the week…” the Ravens shut that door fast.

Signature moments defined this historic run: Siegel’s perfect touch-pass rainbow to Dubin. The bomb to Danny “Black” Masry that flipped momentum for good. Sultan’s jaw-dropping plays that swung entire drives. Defensive stands that drained the hope out of opponents.

Bottom line – the Ravens were unstoppable. They were undeniable. They were perfect.

Inside the Crime Patterns Targeting Flatbush – Shomrim Leaders Explain the Trends and the Solutions

Linda Sadacka

It started with the jewelry.

Not one woman, not one block, and not one isolated incident. A pattern emerged. Women in our community suddenly realized that a bracelet they never removed was gone. A necklace that should have rested on a collarbone simply was no longer there. A ring that could not have fallen off was missing without explanation.

Then came the coats.

These coats were not misplaced in coatrooms nor mixed up at simchas. They were taken. Targeted luxury coats were grabbed off people or snatched the moment someone looked away. In case after case, scooters pulled up, hands reached out, and the criminals sped off long before the victims fully understood what had happened.

All of this intensified in the days and weeks after Mamdani’s victory. The city absorbed a new political message. In our neighborhoods many felt something shift in real time. There was more disorder, more brazenness, and a growing awareness that the sense of security we once took for granted was becoming compromised.

The crimes themselves are troubling, yet beneath them lies a deeper and far more damaging problem.

We are not reporting what is happening. Every time we fail to file a report, we weaken ourselves.

The Quiet Mistake That Weakens an Entire Community

Over the past year, I have watched the same pattern unfold many times. Someone calls me in a panic. A theft. An attempted robbery. A frightening encounter. I calm them, listen, and connect them to Flatbush Shomrim. I also connect them to NYPD, because for me there is no such thing as Shomrim without a police report.

And then, when we reach the moment that the incident must become official, the person simply stops responding.

The explanations come quickly. I do not want my name on anything. I do not want a headache. Shomrim already handled it. I just want to forget it ever happened.

I am not exaggerating when I say this has happened dozens of times in only one year.

People believe they are avoiding complications. In reality they are silencing data, and in New York City data determines everything. If crime is not reported, City Hall counts our neighborhoods as low crime areas. Low crime areas lose police officers. Fewer officers lead to slower response times, and slower responses embolden criminals. Emboldened criminals create more victims, especially among the vulnerable and the elderly.

This is not speculation. It is exactly what I heard from two men who live this reality every night and every early morning.

To move beyond forwarded WhatsApp clips, rumors, and dramatic warnings, I sat down with two experts, Toby Shacalo, a coordinator at Flatbush Shomrim who oversees crime prevention and sees patterns develop in real time, and Bob Moskovitz, the Executive Coordinator of the Flatbush Shomrim Safety Patrol, who has served for 34 years and helped build the infrastructure that protects thousands of families.

What they told me should serve as a wake-up call for every household in Flatbush.

What Crime in Flatbush Looks Like Now

When I asked Toby what had changed since the Mamdani victory he did not hesitate.

We are seeing a lot of crime. It is out of control. The police are still out there targeting, but it is unclear how long they can keep up.

He explained that approximately five thousand NYPD officers are planning to retire from a department that has only about thirty-three thousand members. Having fewer officers creates slower responses, and slow responses create opportunity. In October alone, Flatbush Shomrim handled eight hundred seventy-eight calls, and that was with half the month occupied by yom tov.

Three patterns emerged clearly in our conversation.

Jewelry Theft Through Distraction

Toby described what Shomrim calls the jewelry distraction scam. These are individuals, sometimes men and sometimes women, who approach politely. They ask for directions, claim it is a birthday, offer a small trinket, or simply begin talking. While the victim is distracted, they remove jewelry with astonishing speed.

Some victims believed they had been drugged because they felt nothing. When I asked Bob about this, he was very clear. There are no drugs involved. These thieves are extremely skilled at distraction and they work with precision.

Then Bob added something many of us need to hear.

They come here because of us. We wear visible valuables. We are busy. We are often on our phones. We appear to be good targets with merchandise worth taking.

He was not blaming our community. He was describing how our visibility and our habits create an opportunity for offenders who study behavior.

South American Scooter Crews and High-End Coat Thefts

The second issue involves high-end coat thefts. Toby explained that small South American crews are operating in a pattern familiar to their home countries. They pull up on scooters, grab what they want, and disappear. This happens during the day in front of witnesses. These jackets often have traceable serial numbers and Toby encourages residents to keep that information accessible.

None of these thefts enter crime statistics unless a report is filed.

The Revolving Door of Repeat Offenders

When I asked Bob whether crime has gotten worse since the early years of Shomrim his answer was immediate. Definitely. It is now an everyday issue. He described what he calls regular customers. These are recidivists who commit crimes, get arrested, are released quickly, and return to the same neighborhoods. Shomrim members recognize them by face and often by name.

This revolving door affects everything. Without consistent reporting, policymakers conclude that the problem is small. Without accurate numbers, precincts lose resources. Without resources, the burden increases on Shomrim volunteers, who already respond around the clock.

The Truth Behind So-Called Car Break Ins

Both Toby and Bob emphasized a point that many people prefer not to confront. Most car incidents in our area are not break-ins. Criminals are not smashing windows. They are opening unlocked doors.

Toby described a single night in which Shomrim checked four blocks and found eighty-seven unlocked cars. High end vehicles often had their keys inside. Criminals simply walk down the block checking handles. If everything is locked, they move to another neighborhood. It is basic deterrence.

We like to say they broke into my car. In many cases the truth is that we left our cars open.

The Other Threat: Unverified WhatsApp Messages

In 2026, fear often travels faster than facts. A forwarded warning, a dramatic voice note, a screenshot with no source, and panic spreads within minutes.

When I asked Bob about this he spoke plainly. Forwarding WhatsApp posts without confirming only causes unnecessary panic in the community.

If the message does not have a clear and reliable source, do not forward it. Call Shomrim or call the police. Let the people who understand the full picture evaluate the situation.

Inside the Shomrim System: Cameras, Coordination, and Rapid Response

Many residents do not realize how advanced Shomrim’s infrastructure has become. Toby explained that they operate approximately one hundred twenty cameras and license plate readers, with an additional two hundred planned. These are monitored around the clock.

Bob described how License Plate Readers work. If a repeat offender is connected to a specific vehicle, Shomrim enters that plate into an alert system. The moment that vehicle passes any Shomrim camera, members receive an immediate notification. This dramatically speeds up identification and enables NYPD to make arrests far more efficiently.

Shomrim coordinates regularly with Borough Park Shomrim, who have an extensive camera network as well. Together they create a protective grid that spans multiple Jewish neighborhoods.

Sometimes detectives call Shomrim for footage. At other times Shomrim reaches out to NYPD when they cannot locate a stolen car. NYPD cameras on bridges and major highways frequently identify vehicles en route to Newark, where many are loaded into shipping containers bound for foreign ports.

None of this is visible to the average resident, yet the system protects thousands of homes.

Volunteers and the Families Who Stand Behind Them

Shomrim is not a dramatic Hollywood-style organization. Their volunteers are not chasing offenders through alleys or wrestling people to the ground unless absolutely necessary. Bob said his primary responsibility is ensuring that every member returns home to his family safely.

He recalled visiting Borough Park Shomrim members in the hospital after they had been shot by a suspect over a decade ago. That night changed policy. Physical engagement is avoided unless there is no alternative. Members observe, follow discreetly, document, call NYPD, and intervene physically only when life is in danger.

Shomrim volunteers are trained in how to follow a suspect without being detected. In the overwhelming majority of cases the suspect can be apprehended without confrontation. NYPD handles the physical arrest. Shomrim’s role includes intelligence, positioning, and immediate presence.

Bob oversees approximately seventy-five active members and accepted six new volunteers this week. He emphasized that the Shomrim organization is extremely selective. They do background checks and they avoid accepting individuals with a history of dishonesty or violence. Toby explained why this matters. You cannot send someone with a domestic abuse history into a domestic dispute. You cannot send someone with questionable financial history into a stranger’s home. Community trust is non-negotiable.

Behind each volunteer is a family that sacrifices. Wives who watch husbands run out at two in the morning. Children who do not know what situation their father is entering. This is real mesirut nefesh. It is quiet and unpublicized. It is essential.

Each volunteer costs approximately five thousand dollars to equip. This includes radios, uniforms, body cameras, and specialized tools, including lockout kits. These kits are used most often for emergencies involving children locked in bathrooms or cars, or homes where stoves are left on while the residents cannot get inside.

None of this is funded by the city. It is sustained entirely by the community.

The Spiritual Iron Dome and Our Responsibility

When I asked Bob about his greatest fear, he did not mention jewelry thefts or coat scams. He went straight to the most sobering possibility. A major terror attack in New York City. He explained that the only reason this has not occurred is due to the grace of Gd. There is no iron-clad dome over Brooklyn. There is no impenetrable barrier around our neighborhoods.

Torah, tefillah, mitzvot, and hesed are our spiritual protection. They are powerful. Yet Judaism also commands hishtadlut, responsible effort. We must lock our cars. We must stay aware. We must file reports. We must support those who protect us.

Bob said that his greatest hope is that the community continues to understand Shomrim’s mission, supports their work, and maintains a strong partnership with the police department. Effective patrols require both community support and police cooperation. Without both pillars the system cannot function.

We do not yet know how the Mamdani administration will reshape policing and response times. Both Toby and Bob believe Jewish communities must assume more responsibility for their own security during this chapter. That does not mean living in fear. It means strengthening awareness, cooperation, and preparedness.

We have dedicated men who serve quietly and courageously along with the spouses and children who wait for them to return home safely.

The question now is whether we will do our part.

To learn more about Flatbush Shomrim, see real cases, or support their work, visit FlatbushShomrim.org.

What Flatbush Must Do Now

Based on the guidance of both Toby and Bob, here is what every resident must commit to:

  • File a police report for every crime, even small ones.
  • Lock your car and home every time you leave.
  • Avoid wearing expensive jewelry in public during uncertain times.
  • Guard your belongings at simchas.
  • Stay alert and avoid walking distracted with your phone.
  • Call Shomrim if someone appears suspicious or does not belong on your block.
  • Do not forward unverified social media messages.