Tammy Eckstein

Rabbi Avraham Moshe Kahana was born in Jerusalem, Israel, during the British Mandate. He was scion to prestigious, community-oriented families, and from a young age, his teachers predicted a great future for him.  Rabbi Kahana came to America with his mother and sisters in 1949, joining his father who preceded them to  Detroit, Michigan.

Education and Career Path

Rabbi Kahana studied at Yeshiva Torah Vodaath in New York.  The yeshiva’s founder Rabbi Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz, encouraged his students to  educate American-born Jewish children and stem the tide of assimilation.  Rabbi Kahana and his close friend, Rabbi Joshua Bakst (who later became principal of Ramaz), heeded the call.  With his loyal eishet hayil at his side, Rabbi Kahana began with the 6th grade at Yeshiva Rabbi Moses Soloveitchik in Washington Heights.

Rabbi Kahana’s career path took him to Westchester Hebrew Day School, White Plains Hebrew High School, Yeshiva Dov Revel, and the Max and Dorothy Cohen High School.  In the early 1970s, Rabbi Kahana became the principal at the prestigious Yeshiva of Flatbush Elementary School, serving until June, 1979.  In a school that eventually had over 1,200 students, Rabbi Kahana not only knew each student’s name, he knew how they were faring at home and academically.  One former student, now an orthopedist, told the family, “Every year I aced the IQ test that was administered to me – yet I was a failing student.  Rabbi Kahana would walk the halls with me, his arms around my shoulders, telling me how smart I was and that I not only could, but WOULD succeed. ‘But Rabbi,’ I would say, ‘I only got a 47 on my test!’  ‘Yes,’ Rabbi Kahana answered, ‘but last week you got a 40.  You are improving!’  It was this faith that stood by me through my MCATS, Medical Boards, and to this day whenever I encounter a difficult case.”

A Delicate Balance of Leadership with Fatherly Love

Rabbi Kahana understood his students.  He treated them as his own children. He loved them fiercely, pushing them to fulfill the potential they didn’t believe they had, yet never hesitating to be strict when necessary.   For example, whenever Rabbi Kahana needed quiet in the auditorium, he would slowly say into the microphone – one… two… three.  There would be total silence.  Woe to the student who was still talking by the count of three.  Eventually, Rabbi Kahana would simply stand before the students for a moment or two, and then call out “three” into the microphone!  And it worked!  Rabbi Kahana would march together with his students on Solidarity Sunday and at the Salute to Israel Parade every year, reinvigorating his students and keeping the momentum as their energy waned.

Although he was a principal of such a large school, teaching was his first love. He always taught at least one class a week.  He often walked into classrooms and quizzed the students on what they were learning. Chocolates and shiny pennies were much sought-after treats that he dispensed to his beloved students. Many students said, “Rabbi Kahana never went to students’ bar mitzvahs because then he would have to attend all of them – but he attended mine.”

In 1979, Rabbi Kahana left Yeshiva of Flatbush and took a break from the field of education.  He worked at Hirsch Wolf &Co., yet he remained in close contact with his many friends in the community, calling them before Shabbat and holidays.  After a five-year hiatus, Mr. Ronnie Tawil and Mr. Joe Esses called Rabbi Kahana back to his true calling, and he agreed to become the principal of a new high school they were establishing, the Magen David Yeshiva High School.  From its humble beginnings on 82nd Street in Bensonhurst until they moved into their current beautiful building on Bay Parkway, Rabbi Kahana nurtured yet another generation of students.  How many of us remember the huge ground-breaking ceremony!  The joyous move to the new (present-day) building, marching through the streets of Bensonhurst with the sifrei Torah?

The Kahana family thanks the many community members  who reached out to us during the short shiva.  We would love (and appreciate) hearing from anyone who wants to share their memories. Please contact me at: zaidykahana@gmail.co.

Tammy Eckstein is the daughter of Rabbi Kahana, a”h.

A.D. Cohen

Sito’s skillful hands nimbly crinkle the sambusak closed. She smiles at her granddaughter’s attempts and closes her wizened hands over the child’s young fingers and begins to show her yet again the art of the sambusak’s intricate pattern. Our traditional food is interwoven in an exquisite tapestry of family and pride. We offer here the fascinating roots and geneses of the Syrian traditional fare so that the next time you eye a lehembagine on the Shabbat table, or dip a kaak into a steaming cup of coffee, you will appreciate our Syrian delicacies that much more! 

Diffusion of Cultures

Syrian cuisine is a diffusion of numerous cultures of societies that settled in Syria, particularly during and after the Islamic era, beginning with the Arab Umayyad conquest (711-788) and subsequent Persian-influenced Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258), and ending with the strong impact of Turkish cuisine stemming from the Ottoman Empire (1299–1923).

Differences naturally arose between the dishes of the Sephardic Jews who settled in Syria and those who settled in other parts of the world. For instance, cumin, cinnamon, and allspice are the Syrians’ preferred spices, while Tunisians are partial to “harissa,” a zesty hot spice. Saffron, the crimson threads from the stigmas of a flowering crocus, is the choice spice of Persians and Moroccans. Moroccans simmer their tagines (stews) with olives and whole preserved lemons, whereas the Syrians rely heavily on a sweet-sour extract distilled from tamarinds, and Persians add pomegranate juice to their sauces. Greek and Turkish bakers soak their pastries in honey; Syrians pour a more delicate rose water or orange-blossom syrup over their sweets.

Influences and Impact

Syrian food is not actually “Jewish” food, says Mrs. Poopa Dweck, author of Aromas of Aleppo.

“Syrian food is authentic Arabic food. Upon publishing Aromas of Aleppo, the Moslem Arab community heavily praised the cookbook, relaying that all the recipes therein are perfectly authentically Syrian-Arabic.” Poopa shares an interesting meeting with the Ambassador of Syria, who told her that his mother, who lives in Syria, said that every single recipe in Aromas of Aleppo is exactly how they cook it!

Mrs. Jennifer Abadi, author of Fistful of Lentils, further explains the Syrian-Arabic influence on Jewish cooking. “The influence can be seen in the use of grains, legumes, vegetables and dried fruit commonly available to Jews in the markets of Aleppo and Damascus in dishes such as burghol m’jedrah (crushed wheat with lentils) and dja’jeh mish mosh (chicken with apricots).”

Interestingly, another influence on our traditional fare comes from Spanish Jews, the original Sepharadim, who brought the Latin-style cuisine with them to Syria. “Examples of this include the savory meat pie known as bastel to Syrians and bastiyeh to Moroccans, which can be traced to the pastelles that were prepared in Spain centuries ago,” Jennifer explains. “In Spain and Morocco, this meat pie is made with fila dough; the Syrian-Jewish version is daintier, almost bite-size, and made of pastry dough. Another Syrian-Jewish dish with Spanish roots is kalsonnes b’rishtah, cheese-filled pasta similar to the Italian tortellini.”

Although Syrian cuisine is very much a byproduct of our life in Halab and the Arabs amongst whom we lived, one obvious difference between our and ordinary Syrian-Arabic food is our kashrut guidelines.

“The only difference between the Syrian Jewish and non-Jewish food is our kashrut laws,” says Poopa. ”We don’t mix meat and milk and we slaughter our animals according to halachah. But it isn’t Jewish Syrian food; it’s Arab food with the modification of the laws of kashrut.”

Jennifer shares another Torah influence on Syrian food. “In addition to kashrut, we have the laws of Shabbat which forbid cooking, or lighting any fires, such as those in an oven. Syrian Jews, like Jews in other parts of the world, solved this problem by developing regional dishes that could simmer over a low flame for many hours at a time. In this manner, the housewife could prepare and begin cooking the food before Shabbat and keep it warm until it was time to eat in the evening. Sometimes, the women would bring pots of food to their Arab neighbors, who would cook it for them or keep it hot until it was needed for the Shabbat meal. The lunch meal on Shabbat could also be served warm, and the flavor of these foods improved with time and additional heating.”

Getting with the Times

“Out with the old, in with the new” is an oft-repeated adage that depicts the gradual process of modernization, and the preference for newfangled traditions over those of the past. Has this happened to our cherished culinary tradition? Is the “modernization bug” threatening  our long-established fare?

“I would say that overall, the Syrian Jews have started to cook food that is not traditionally Syrian, but uses Syrian/Middle Eastern spices for flavor such as cumin, cinnamon, and allspice,” says Jennifer. “Also, in general, our generation is much more health-conscious than our grandparents and great-grandparents had been, so we have cut out a lot of the meat except for special occasions, and make dishes lower in fat, or more vegetarian options. My mother makes a kusa b’jibbin using low fat cheeses and egg whites, which is much lighter and still tastes great, topped with a low fat yogurt for the lebneh.”

Poopa agrees that we have become more health conscious in certain ways, but adds that our traditional fare is healthy to begin with. “We have modernized our food by using less sugar, and a lot of people are replacing natural butter with a healthier substitute, but my point of view is that Syrian food has always been authentically healthy. We have always cooked with vegetables, grains and pure olive oil. The same food that was made hundreds of years ago is still the same healthy food that we are eating now. It isn’t that we modernized the food, but that we now realize and appreciate how ahead of the time our food really is.”

Fine Dining

If the way to a man’s heart is through his stomach, then surely the way to a woman’s heart is through her eyes. “To Syrians in general, especially from Halab, how the food was served is just as important as how it tastes,” explains Jennifer. “It should be as attractive to the eye as it is to the stomach, and there should always be a variety of dishes served with different colors, textures, and flavors. Syria was one of the most sophisticated lands in the Middle Eastern world, and was influenced by the greater Ottoman Empire, where the Sultans took great pride in having the best of foods by the best of cooks.”

Poopa concurs, and further elucidates the pride of the Syrian women. “Halab was known as the queen of the mechshis! If you were to ask the Middle Eastern countries where the best food comes from, they would unequivocally answer Halab! Halab was the gem of the Ottoman Empire.”

Why were the highest culinary standards found specifically in Halab?

Poopa explains that geographically, Aleppo was situated in the heart of the Middle East, and its residents thus had access to all the market’s spices and the caravans selling their exotic wares. Furthermore, Aleppo was part of the Fertile Crescent and was a wealthy, sophisticated commercial center. The Sultans of the Ottoman Empire would thus hire the top chefs from Aleppo to cook for them.

Poopa points out that particularly on Shabbat and holidays, Jewish women took special pride not only in the taste and quality of the food, but also in the serving and dining. “We understood the significance and elevation of the holidays and Shabbat,” she says. “We appreciated this elevation and served the meals much nicer!”

Origin of Sambusak

The name sambusak originates from the Indian food samosa, a fried or baked pastry with a flavorful filling. Interestingly, sambusak has been enjoyed for over 1,000 years in the Middle East. The following poem was recorded in 947 A.D. in a historical work entitled Meadows of Gold, by Mas’udi, one of the first Arab historians. The poem’s focus? Sambusak!

“…And when the burning flames have dried it quite,
Then, as thou wilt, in pastry wrap it round,
And fasten well the edges, firm and sound;
Or, if it please thee better, take some dough,
Conveniently soft, and rubbed just so,
Then with a rolling-pin let it be spread
And with the nails its edges docketed.
Pour in the frying-pan the choicest oil
And in that liquor let it finely broil…”

Renaissance and Rebirth

“The previous generation took tremendous pride in preparing Syrian cuisine, and everything was made from scratch,” says Poopa. “Then, for a few decades, Syrian women turned to an easier form of Syrian cooking.” Among all the generations of Syrian women who worked tirelessly making their own dough, filling their own kibbe hamda and such, there were only a small handful of women who opted for ease.

“Now I see a resurgence of preserving and getting back to the basis of our traditional cooking and the pride in serving,” Poopa enthuses. “People excitedly tell me that they had just made kaak and kibbeh. This is one of the reasons why I wrote Aromas of Aleppo – because I didn’t want to lose that excitement and pride. And I knew that through a greater understanding of our culture and traditions, there would be a returning to the roots, and, baruch Hashem, that happened!”

Jennifer opines that many Syrian women are working these days and don’t have time to cook as their mothers did. “But all Syrian women appreciate when Syrian food tastes good and is well prepared,” she says. “Especially during the holidays, Syrian women cook and serve more elaborate dishes.”

Families are going back to the basics and finding the joys of Syrian cuisine that was so much a part of their ancestors’ lives. “We’ve always cooked,” declares Poopa. “it’s the trend that never ends!”

Mrs. Poopa Dweck can be contacted through her website www.poopadweck.com or via email poopa@poopadweck.com. Mrs. Jennifer Abadi can be contacted through her website www.fistfuloflentils.com. Some of the historical information provided in this article is derived from Jennifer’s cookbook “Fistful of Lentils.”

The Etymology

Here is the fascinating etymology of the names of some other common Syrian foods, translated from their Arabic names:

Lehembagene – “meat on the dough.”

Kibbeh – “ball,” referring to the mazza’s oblong shape.

Kanafe – “shredded dough,” referring to the pastry’s texture and appearance.

Kaak – “cookie.”

Ma’amoul – “filled.” A nut filled cookie, this is the anticipated dessert served on Purim. A similar cookie, called karabij, is topped with marshmallow fluff, and is also a made as a Purim delicacy.

“People stepped up to the plate in the most amazing ways. Collectively, all hats – white, black – were thrown in the garbage and we united as one.”   – Rabbi David Ozeri

“…it was also be remembered as a time of unparalleled unity, a time when our community showed what makes it so unique, when we all banded together even under quarantine to help each other…”

Our Community’s response to the Covid-19 crisis will inspire many future generations, teaching them what being a Community is all about

Mozelle Forman

Eventually, please Gd, this is going to an end.

We do not know when or how, but we can be confident that sooner or later, the chaos and upheaval wrought by the coronavirus pandemic will be over, and life will, slowly but surely, return to normalcy.

What will we remember?  Will we remember “shelter in place,” or that we had shelter?  Will the feelings of fear, helplessness, despair, and grief pervade our memories, or will we recall the courage, selflessness, and generosity displayed by so many of our community members?  Will we recall the ever-changing news flooding our inboxes that kept us on an emotional rollercoaster, or the sentimental stories of those who reached out and helped?

Our community’s extraordinary, heroic efforts over the past two months have all but guaranteed that this unprecedented period  will be remembered as a time of strength, unity, and hope, and its memory will serve as an everlasting source of pride and inspiration for our community and for the Jewish world.

Closeness in a Time of Social Distancing

In a few short weeks, from when we first heard about the coronavirus in China in January, believing it was a foreign issue, until right after Purim, when over a dozen community members tested positive, we were thrust into a surreal existence, our thoughts vacillating between “this can’t be happening” to “what do we do now?”

While government officials were trying to devise a strategy for combatting this virus and issuing guidelines about “social distancing,” our community leaders arranged an emergency meeting to discuss the steps necessary to adhere to these guidelines. Excruciating decisions about our way of life had to be made. “Social distancing” eliminates virtually every aspect of communal life – prayer services, schools, yeshivot, adult education, youth programming, semahot, and social events. But after meeting with doctors, the difficult decision was made to close shuls and yeshivot, and to advise the community to stay at home. Rabbis, educators, and community leaders now to had to advise the community and institute provisions for the “new normal.”

Confined to our homes, separated from those we love, and exiled from our shuls and yeshivot, we could have fallen into despair. But through the ingenuity and fortitude of our rabbinic and lay leaders, instead of becoming disconnected from our Torah and our community, we remained as connected as ever, and inspired like never before.

Literally overnight, two new websites, TcLive.org and Communityhizuk.com, were created. Our rabbis and teachers filled our homes, virtually, with knowledge, wisdom, and inspiration.  The  Tclive.org website offered a virtual buffet of Torah learning with daily livestream Daf Yomi, mussar and halachah classes, simulating our community’s vibrant Torah centers. In addition, an extraordinary children’s program was created with an average of six classes per evening on topics such as Mishnah, Pirkeh Avot, and te’amim. The children’s programming includes a game show night with questions based on what was studied during the week, and a raffle drawing.

Combatting the “Negative Energy”

Communityhizuk.com was spearheaded by Rabbi David Haber, and he described the line of thinking that led him to undertake this unique project. “My feeling was that if we were going to be inundated with fear of mortal danger and negative energy, we needed our rabbis to provide the hizuk [encouragement] to withstand it.”

Rabbi Haber says he literally spent an entire night contacting rabbis and lay people with his idea, and received an overwhelmingly positive response.

“Everyone I spoke to was onboard, especially our hardworking rabbis. Although we had no idea if anyone would be listening and who our audience would be, we had over 60,000 viewers and listeners across several platforms on the first night.”

CommunityHizuk.com spoke to the moment – everyone was searching for answers, and this platform provided an oasis in the desert.

“We are blessed to have such hardworking, dedicated rabbis in our community,” Rabbi Haber enthuses, “rabbis who love the community, know their role as community leaders, and work tirelessly on our behalf. The selflessness of all those involved with many platforms, who in ‘normal’ times would actually have been competitors, was evident, as we all joined together and worked seamlessly to touch so many lives in such a powerful way.”

Another platform created in this time of unknowing was Torahminds.com, which, according to Rabbi Meyer Yedid, Rosh Yeshiva of YDE, sought “to give people the ability to learn in an organized and in-depth way, to study mitzvot they already observe on a deeper level.”

The response to this initiative was swift and electric. As soon as it was publicized, over 5,000 people joined and committed to studying one of the ten topics offered by the program.

Rabbi Yedid was also instrumental in organizing a livestream presentation entitled, “Prayer through Songs.”  In his opening remarks, the rabbi stated: “When you want to give over a deep message, words are sometimes not enough. Music, the language of the angels, touches the soul.”

Outpouring of Generosity

The combination of a shut-down economy, plummeting stock market, and widespread unemployment could have spelled disaster for our community organizations that rely on donations to fund their budgets. However, Rabbi David Ozeri described a very different picture.

“To say I am proud of our community is an understatement,” the rabbi glowingly shared. “People stepped up to the plate in the most amazing ways. Collectively, all hats – white, black – were thrown in the garbage and we united as one. Millions of dollars were donated and distributed, especially to widows and orphans, including $50,000 of Moishe’s grocery cards.”

In a wondrous intersection of technology and tzedakah, the Communityhizuk website hosted a campaign for Sephardic Bikur Holim that raised $2.4 million dollars. In addition, a relief fund was organized, raising $400,000 to help families ravaged by the dramatic financial collapse.

Tragically, out community suffered 80 fatalities in the period between March 20th to May 1^st – a staggering figure.  Funeral homes were overwhelmed, and a large number of community members volunteered to ensure that everyone received a proper, respectful burial, and that all mourners were cared for, despite the restrictions which did not allow for customary funerals or shivah visits. With flights to Israel halted, those who died but were destined to be buried in Israel were temporarily interred in Queens. After Pesah, the Nakash family generously offered to bring the deceased to Israel for burial. Rabbi Ozeri, who was integrally involved throughout this time in all aspects of the process of kevod hamet (last respects for the deceased), personally oversaw the exhumation of seven coffins which were then flown to their final resting place in Israel, bringing closure and comfort to all the families. The Nakash family sent many more flights, as well.

Our community’s technology experts donated their time and their brilliance, working behind the scenes to ensure glitch-free virtual programming. Koby Netanel of Koby N Productions, who has been behind every livestream Torah shiur, talks about the experience of fueling the technology needed to keep the community connected during this crisis.

“I must acknowledge how honored and blessed I feel to be trusted by the community to oversee this tremendous endeavor. The rabbis, eager to have a platform to reach the community and give them hizuk, were subject to a learning curve as they learned about the technology for livestreaming, and we had a few bloopers. I myself had to become familiar with the technology and software needed to livestream events and incorporate call-ins and Zoom. While all the classes are recorded and available on several websites, there is something exciting about being there ‘in person’.”

Koby’s brother, Rabbi Raphael Netanel of YDE, marvels at Koby’s selfless dedication, and provides us with a little background.

“About three months before the virus hit, a local girls high school hired Koby to run the sound for the annual play. One week before the play, the principal contacted Koby to ask if he would be able to livestream the play for a 10^th-grade student who was in the hospital fighting cancer. Touched by the girl’s struggle, Koby couldn’t refuse.”

The fact that he didn’t have the necessary equipment for livestreaming did not stop him.

“He purchased $3,000 worth of livestream equipment and software that was needed. The girl’s parents and the principal thanked him profusely. Koby then stored the equipment in a closet in his office with no intention of using it again, as his business did not require it. When Covid-19 hit and he was contacted about livestreaming classes, Koby knew exactly where to go – to the closet where he stored the “useless” equipment purchased to make a young girl with cancer happy.

Hashem is always “makdim terufah lamakah,” sending us the “remedy” before the “wound.” We are so blessed that the technology we needed to keep us connected and growing in this time of physical isolation was available and in place before the pandemic struck.  And we ae so blessed that Gd sent us creative, generous and dedicated leaders and professionals who rose to the challenge and succeeded in keeping our community together against all odds.

How will this historic time be remembered in the annals of our community? Yes, it will be remembered as a time of tragedy, of pain, of fear, of personal loss, and of economic turmoil. But it was also be remembered as a time of unparalleled unity, a time when our community showed what makes it so unique, when we all banded together even under quarantine to help each other, to support each other, to learn from each other, to grow together, and to comfort each other.

Our community’s amazing response is, without question, setting a precedent and model that will, with Gd’s help, guide and inspire many future generations, teaching them what being a community is all about.

Sari Setton

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused all of us to rethink many things we considered routine. Politicians have had to create new procedures and protocols to help preserve our rights and privileges. Primary elections this year in New York City will be conducted in a manner previously reserved for those who knew they would be out of town on election day.  For the first time in New York State history, every registered Democrat will be able to vote by mail (after first requesting an absentee ballot) in the June 23rd Democratic Primary.

Last month, Governor Andrew Cuomo signed Executive Order 202.23, which states that every registered voter will be sent an absentee ballot application.  The Board of Elections will be mailing absentee ballot applications to every household where there is at least one registered voter.  The application must be completed and returned to receive a mail-in ballot.  Voters can indicate the reason for their request as “temporary illness,” which now includes the risk of contracting coronavirus.  If you are away from home, you can request an absentee ballot be sent to your current location.  This is especially beneficial to anyone who will be already have left home for the summer.

In case you do not receive an application, you may request one by June 16th.  There are several ways to request an absentee ballot:

1. Online – www.nycabsentee.com
2. Mail an application to the Board of Elections
3. Call 1-866-Vote-NYC
4. Scan and email an application to absenteejune2020@boe.nyc
5. Fax an application to 212-487-5349

As of the writing of this article, a federal judge ruled that the New York presidential primary is back on the schedule for June 23rd.  This ruling might be appealed.  Regardless, almost every community in NYC will have a local or state primary on June 23rd, so please request your absentee ballot now.

Voting during this pandemic could not be easier, or more important.  By voting we participate in the democratic process.  We choose those who represent us and will promote our ideals. If we do not vote, others will be making those choices for us.  This is particularly important in local races.  We must show our elected officials that our community has a voice.

Yaffa Althkefati

It would take an entire book – at least one – to capture all the remarkable qualities of Rabbi Chaim Dahan, the legendary Pre 1-A and first grade rebbe in Shaare Torah.

But, in truth, that description alone – “the legendary Pre 1-A and first grade rebbe” – already speaks volumes about what made this special tzadik so unique.  How many first grade Rebbes can be called “legendary”?  How many of them are even remembered by their students?

And Rabbi Dahan’s students don’t only remember him. They are still impacted by him, decades later.  Many of his students are Torah scholars, and they attribute their accomplishments to Rabbi Dahan, who spent 54 years touching the hearts and kindling the souls of the people around him and those under his charge.

Loving and Pursuing Peace

People flocked to the rabbi’s home for advice and guidance, and didn’t feel ashamed to unburden themselves, because they knew he would never judge them or think of them negatively. He so naturally and effortlessly looked at everyone in a positive light, and this was the secret to his special ability to teach, encourage and inspire.

Rabbi Dahan’s simhat haim – joy of life – was contagious. His students loved him because he was always filled with joy and energy, and because he made it clear that he truly loved them.

With remarkable patience, the rabbis helped untold numbers of people make peace with others, and make peace with themselves. The rabbi embodied the sages’ timeless teaching to be an “ohev shalom verodef shalom – lover of peace and pursuer of peace,” and his efforts saved countless marriages. He spent hours, days, weeks, months, and even years helping people who needed his assistance. And he did so by emphasizing the importance of positivity, of approaching every challenge from a healthy, upbeat perspective, to the point where he succeeded in showing people how to laugh even during life’s trying moments.

Feeling the Pain

The Torah relates in Parashat Shemot, “Vayar besivlotam” – Moshe Rabbenu felt the pain his brethren suffered as slaves in Egypt. Rabbi Dahan had this same quality. He truly felt the pain of every person who came to him for help and advice. And they all palpably felt his sincere love and concern.

I have personally known the Rabbi for nine years, and every time I came to speak to him about an issue I was facing, he truly felt my pain, validated my feelings, and encouraged me like a loving father encouraging his daughter. He didn’t just listen – he felt my pain and even cried. Each time, I walked out a different person with so much more strength, thanks to his wisdom, his concern, and his heartfelt prayers.

A Heart Big Enough for All

The rabbi answered every single phone call whenever anyone needed him. He answered calls even at 4am.

Like a loving father, he provided me with his time and guidance, and so I always felt like I was special, that I was the closest one to him. But many people felt the exact same way.

I always wondered; rabbis are always so busy – how was Rabbi Dahan able to make so much time for me?! And at one point I even asked him, “How does the rabbi listen to everyone, feel their pain, and strengthen everyone?! The rabbi doesn’t get tired?!”

He replied, “My rebbe said when you help others with all your heart, you won’t feel tired.”

His heart was so big that it was able to handle everyone’s pain and troubles, and help them, with Hashem’s assistance.

The Torah tells us that when Aharon Hakohen died, he was mourned by “the entire House of Israel.” The rabbis explain that because Aharon was so instrumental in helping to bring peace among people, his death left a huge vacuum which everybody felt.

This is the feeling in our community with the loss of our beloved Rabbi Dahan, who filled so many peoples’ lives with peace, serenity and joy.

We are consoled by committing to follow his example, to love every Jew and to find warmth and joy in living a life of Torah and mitzvot.

May Hashem bring an end to all our troubles, and soon send us Mashiah, amen.

Yaffa Althkefati is a teacher at YDE who works under the special guidance of esteemed principal Mrs. Rivka Dahan – Rabbi Dahan’s wife.

Isaac Jemal

As I sit at my computer typing, I am flooded with tears over the loss of my uncle, my best friend, my mentor, my confidant, my spiritual guide, and my rabbi, Hacham David.

No amount of words will ever describe the depth of my personal relationship with him, and how much he meant to me. He truly understood me. He guided me. He loved me. I mean, he really loved me, the way one dreams to be loved. He picked me up when I was broken, he listened to me when no one would, he built me up and encouraged me when I felt that I wasn’t enough. He never judged me; He only made me feel how proud he was of me. He saw only my potential. He influenced and shaped my life more than any other human being on the planet.

But the truly remarkable thing is not that he meant this much to me. It’s that he meant this much to so many others, too.

Everyone who was blessed to have Hacham David in his life felt this way. Family members, congregants, students, friends – even if he was just your son’s mohel. He had a profound impact on everyone.

Looking Deep Inside the Soul

For a time, I accompanied Rabbi Jemal to every berit he performed. He exuded such genuine love for the family, and true joy, as if it was his own child.

Once we had a berit in the city, and the parents and guests were not familiar with any of the traditional songs that we would sing, or with Judaism generally, for that matter. An awkward silence filled the room as he was preparing. Just as the rabbi finished setting up, he turned around with his magnetic smile and started clapping and singing, “Havah Nagillah.” He then broke out in a dance, and in but an instant, the entire room was engaged, inspired. Rabbi Jemal had brought them all to their feet.

This is who he was and what he meant to everyone whom he came in contact with. He truly loved every Jew. He looked deep inside your soul, and found the place in your heart where he could inspire you to love being Jewish and to love Hashem.

My Sandak

Rabbi Jemal was all those things for me from the moment I was born, in 1972.

The youngest of my father’s ten siblings, Hacham David was 20 years old at the time, and the only family member in New York. My grandfather was still in Lebanon, and so my father was faced with the decision of who would receive the  honor of sitting as sandak (holding the infant during the berit) for his firstborn son. He could have chosen to sit himself, or to accord this honor to any of the rabbis who would be attending. But instead, he asked his youngest brother to be sandak.

Years later, I pressed my dad to explain why he chose Hacham David for this honor.  My father sat up, looked me with his light green eyes, and grinned.

“It was an easy decision,” he said with a chuckle. “He is a talmid hacham, he loves the Torah, his middot [character traits] are better than mine, and that is what I want for you.”

Whenever he traveled to Israel, Hacham David would visit the famous Kabbalist Rabbi Yitzhak Kaduri in his home. Once, when I was with him, we were given the great honor of being invited for Melaveh Malka (the traditional Saturday night meal) with Rav Kaduri and his wife. During the meal, Hacham David told the rabbi that he had been my sandak. Rabbi Kaduri laughed loudly, and told me that I would never have to worry about anything, and that my life was already paved in front of me.

The gratitude I have to Hashem knows no bounds. I was blessed with my own personal guardian angel!

A Humble Scholar

Already at a young age, Hacham David distinguished himself as a brilliant and diligent Torah scholar.

During the time he spent studying in the Mir Yeshiva, he lived with my family in a little apartment on East 7^th Street. I was able to see firsthand how he was consumed by the love of Torah. If we happened to wake up in the middle of the night, we were likely to find Hacham David with a Gemara, learning by flashlight in order not to disturb anyone. This is who he was – a humble scholar who demanded nothing from others but gave all of himself.

But perhaps his defining characteristic was embodying the precept of “Ivdu et Hashem besimhah – Serve Gd with joy.” Rummaging through pictures, both old and new, taken in both public and private, I did not find a single one in which Hacham  David was not wearing a huge smile.

He taught me to never feel despondent, no matter the circumstances. While sitting shivah together for my father, a”h, he would never allow us to feel despair for even a moment. Just as Aharon silently accepted the tragic death of his two sons, Hacham David taught us to be strong in times of hardship. He followed the inspiring example of his illustrious namesake, King David, who exclaimed, “Lema’an yezamercha chavod velo yidom” – that he would give honor to Hashem by joyously singing and giving praise, without ever remaining silent, no matter the circumstances. This is the way Hacham David lived, every day of his life.

I can personally testify that Hacham David acquired this quality through hard work, immense effort, and personal struggle. By no means was his life easy. It was hard, painful, and very challenging at times. But he always served Hashem with joy – when blessings were given to him, and when blessings were taken away from him. He had some hard times leading his congregation. He endured financial struggles and illness. But no matter how Hashem challenged him, he never broke. He accepted everything with joy. He was always a proud, faithful servant of Hashem, in every situation.

The lessons I learned from him are far too numerous to be written or spoken. His passing left a hole in our hearts will never be filled, but it also left a great burden of responsibility that now rests upon our shoulders – the responsibility to carry the torch that he gave us, and pass it on to the next generation.

Hacham David will live within us forever, in our smile, in our hearts, in our spirit and in our souls. Let us commit to serve as living examples of his teachings for our children and grandchildren, until the coming of Mashiah, speedily and in our times, amen.

The Team @PROPEL

PROPEL has always been an essential organization helping women to find a career path. For many women this is their only source of income, while for others the need for a second household income is vital. Now more than ever, PROPEL’s mission continues to resonate with community members especially during the COVID-19 crisis, when many women are dropped from their jobs, families are losing income, and economic tensions at home escalate, while actively seeking new and relevant professional opportunities.

PROPEL CARES and understands that during these times of uncertainty life is not easy. PROPEL is on call to assist women in developing essential professional skills and to guide women into careers. Free of charge during these trying times, PROPEL will match you with a career coach that will help determine your strengths and passions to find a path that fits your lifestyle. After all, many of our clients are juggling the added responsibility of homeschooling and entertaining their children. PROPEL is cognizant that home demands have increased for everyone, but nevertheless, we have confidence in community women’s ability and applaud and support the continuance of balancing their family responsibilities with their professional lives.

PROPEL offers career guidance and financial support for programs that we enroll you in to help further women reach their professional goals. PROPEL has graduated successful web developers, user experience designers, paralegals, graphic designers, medical assistants, interior designers, web designers, nutrition and wellness consultants, yoga instructors, cosmetologists, bookkeepers, office administrators, just to name a few. (Please see sidebar for a description of two of these careers – web designer and junior accountant.)

PROPEL provides vocation advice to women of all ages, including women in high school, college, and graduate programs. As an important nonprofit organization in our community, PROPEL encourages the women of our community to tap into their potential by utilizing education to transform a passion into a profession. Consequently, many women have shared that the current pandemic has inspired them to consider a career in nursing or another healthcare profession. PROPEL salutes all healthcare workers in our community!

For all women in need of a career, or for all women who have existing businesses that need shifting, PROPEL understands that adjusting to the new normal is challenging but possible. With new changes come new opportunities. The team at PROPEL is here to help you determine your professional path. Take that step and call us today!

There are so many inspirational women to look up to as role models in our Community who earn an income, do what they love, and help raise their families. This summer, we will be featuring “30 under Thirty” women who inspire women to reach their full potential. These are women to watch!

With the financial crisis affecting small businesses, the PROPEL List supports and showcases all the great businesses the women in our community have to offer.  Women are encouraged to sign up in order to be included on the PROPEL List – a digital directory that will illustrate women’s businesses, professions, and careers. This user-friendly marketplace will allow women to grow their clientele and network free of charge. PROPEL also will promote small businesses on its Instagram @PropelNetwork free of charge.  The PROPEL List will make it easy for users to find and support community women.  A print version of the PROPEL List is coming soon!

Women who sell food or other products, provide services or have a profession should sign up to be added! http://bit.ly/PROPEL-List.

Follow PROPEL on Instagram @PropelNetwork.  

PROPEL launched a PROPEL List Live which features several community businesses each week, free of charge. Tune into IG Lives where PROPEL hosts amazing women – including Norma Cohen and Joyce Silverman – that are trailblazers and role models in our community. Their stories are inspiring and can help lead you into an exciting career path or help you pivot an existing business.

PROPEL CARES,

LET US HELP YOU EARN, WORK FROM HOME,

FREE CAREER GUIDANCE, FUNDING AVAILABLE FOR TUITION,

CALL PROPEL 646-494-0822

Ellen Geller Kamaras

The value of the hesed services The Mitzvah Man organization and its volunteers are providing during the pandemic is beyond measure.

Rabbi Maurice Lamm says that being Jewish is a 24-hour occupation, and the most consistent act of faith is kindness.

The Mitzvah Man’s mission is the epitome of the Torah way of life, that is, to perform gemilut hassadim, the giving of loving-kindness without expecting anything in return.

Founded by Michael Cohen eight years ago, The Mitzvah Man now has over 3,500 volunteers, ranging in age from 18 to 75, who perform a wide range of hesed services for men and women in Brooklyn, Deal, and Manhattan.

Help Is a Phone Call Away

One only has to call the toll-free number or submit a request on the website and within 20 to 30 minutes someone is already working on that case.  Mr. Cohen checks the phone line and website request forms starting at 8am in the morning until 10pm at night.  Responses are entered into a log and categorized by type of service needed.  “Our response is quick, powerful, and efficient,” says Cohen.  Texts go out to different groups based on the type of service or need.  For example, if a family needs a Shabbat meal, the dispatcher will send a request to one of their 200 volunteers dedicated to cooking meals in emergency situations.

Services run the gamut and fall into three categories: acts of kindness, social activities, and religious activities.  Examples include: companionship, bikur holim in hospitals and homes, and visiting and assisting seniors in their homes or retirement homes, which includes special services for Holocaust survivors. Volunteers are also lined up to do home repairs, deliver and pack food and clothing, transport goods being provided as financial assistance, drive injured or elderly persons on errands, and drive cancer patients to their doctors for treatment. Other volunteers assist in cooking meals in emergency situations, helping the blind and handicapped with certain needs, delivering Shabbat flowers to the homebound and elderly, help with putting on tefillin, participating in minyanim in houses of mourning, learning Torah with the homebound, and so much more.  Mr. Cohen recently hired a staff person who works exclusively on following up with clients to determine if they need assistance with anything else.

Covid-19 Strikes, The Mitzvah Man Steps In

When Mr. Cohen recognized the severity of the Covid-19 pandemic, he was ready, willing, and able to fill the void left by city agencies, food pantries, family members, and others.  There was no need to create new procedures to deal with the crisis.  The Mitzvah Man already had an excellent outreach and response system in place, resources and funds, a significant list of volunteers who cook meals on a regular basis, as well as drivers and healthy young people who committed to deliver groceries and medications in a safe manner (wearing masks and gloves) to homebound people and to assist community members in any way they could.  Several organizations were overwhelmed and reached out to The Mitzvah Man for help in distributing meals and other supplies to the homebound and more.

Concerned adult children who live out of town but have elderly parents in Brooklyn called The Mitzvah Man to find out how they could get groceries to their loved ones.  The Mitzvah Man has arrangements with three large supermarkets who accept online orders, and The Mitzvah Man volunteers pick up and drop off the groceries.

Since volunteers could not physically visit people in their homes, they practiced curbside delivery and increased the number of phone visits to the elderly and homebound.

A Few Real Cases

The acts of kindness that The Mitzvah Man volunteers are able to perform during the pandemic are priceless.  A handicapped woman went out to shop one night, but when she arrived home, the elevator was broken.  She called The Mitzvah Man and three men carried her up four flights.

A blind woman contacted the hotline and said her home health aide could not come to stay with her.  She needed meals and asked that someone read to her on the phone. The Mitzvah Man was able to address both her requests.

Let’s talk about Jacob, who called his rabbi before Pesach, terrified by the Covid-19 television reports he was watching. Mr. Cohen called Jacob, gently advised him to reduce his TV time, found out what he needed for Pesach, and asked him if he would like some phone visits.  On the same day, The Mitzvah Man arranged for Pesach food and supplies for Jacob and phone visits, too.  When Mr. Cohen followed up with Jacob, Jacob assured him he was feeling better, saying that he always had Hashem in his life, but he never had people, and now he has both.

Local businesses wanted to donate food and supplies but had no way of delivering these items until The Mitzvah Man stepped in with drivers.  Kosher pizza restaurant owners volunteered to bake pies for hospital nurses and doctors but had no way to get them to the hospitals. The Mitzvah Man was there to make it happen!

Calls came in regarding heaters, ovens, and refrigerators before Pesach. Also men and women called who were forced to work remotely but could not afford laptops.  The Mitzvah Man’s incredible network includes volunteer handymen who could fix appliances with some life left to them. The Mitzvah Man also garnered contributions from people who had new or used heaters and donations of laptops and appliances.

A woman packed a suitcase for her husband, but it was not safe for her to take it to the hospital. The Mitzvah Man took care of it!  Three nursing homes asked for masks and hundreds were dropped off within an hour.

Offering the Human Touch

Mr. Cohen encourages his volunteers to create a connection with the people they call and in normal times, visit with.  Something like, “Remember me? I dropped off flowers for you last week” is a good way to do this.  In addition, Mr. Cohen reminds volunteers when they call to say Shabbat Shalom, to inquire if the person needs help with shopping or anything else.  Mr. Cohen is especially sensitive to the Holocaust survivors they help: “I don’t want them to suffer more.”

How should one talk to and comfort people during these trying times?

“I’m not a psychiatrist – but if someone is anxious or distressed, I talk to them in the same way I would treat a family member,” Mr. Cohen answers.

You can reach The Mitzvah Man toll-free hotline at (866) 355-1825 or go online at http://www.themitzvahman.org/. 

Please do not let your kindness muscle atrophy, use it or you will lose it!

Ellen Geller Kamaras, CPA/MBA, is an International Coach Federation (ICF) Associate Certified Coach.  Her coaching specialties include life, career, and dating coaching.   She can be contacted at ellen@lifecoachellen.com (www.lifecoachellen.com).

Jewish scriptures include a stunning amount of detail and predictions related to the arrival of Mashiah. This new series will examine this subject in all its aspects.

Rabbi E. C. Aboud

References to Mashiah abound in our daily prayers, casual conversations, rabbinic lectures, and virtually any venue where observant Jews come together.

But if we pause for a moment to ponder what Mashiah really is and what it means for us, we will likely find ourselves at a loss for an explanation.  With the freedoms and luxuries we enjoy in contemporary society, many of us naturally find it hard to feel that the Jewish Nation is actually in exile, that we are in dire need of redemption. It is not, Heaven forbid, that people intentionally oppose this belief; rather, the widespread ignorance regarding this subject has made it difficult for people to relate to, let alone hope for, the Messianic era.  This ignorance represents a serious potential pitfall since believing-in and anticipating the arrival of Mashiah, constitutes one of the thirteen fundamental principles of Jewish faith, as famously enumerated by the Rambam.[i]  Furthermore, the need for understanding the concept of Mashiah assumes even greater importance today, when many gedolim have declared that Mashiah’s arrival is imminent.

It thus behooves every Jew to have a clear sense of the meaning and significance of Mashiah, to understand what the Messianic era will be and to become clear on why we should eagerly look forward to its arrival and our long-awaited redemption.

To this end, we are proud to launch a new multi-part series that will explore this difficult yet fascinating subject in detail. Drawing from a wide range of traditional sources, this series will provide greater insight into what Mashiah’s arrival means, and help us appreciate more profoundly why this has been our nation’s most fervent and passionate prayer for nearly two millennia.

Part I: Exile Leading to Redemption

To properly understand the need and meaning of the final redemption, it is essential to first be familiar with our nation’s past and present situation in exile. The basic overview below briefly covers our long and tragic history, focusing on our present situation in exile and the great need for the final redemption.

The Four Galuyot (Exiles)

Since the Exodus from Egypt, the Jewish people have endured four exiles.[ii] The first exile, began in the aftermath of the destruction of the first Temple (422 BCE), when the Babylonian conquerors exiled us to their land (present day Iraq) for seventy years. This was immediately followed by the second exile, under the Persians and Medes, which lasted for approximately sixty years. Later, during the period of the second Temple, we suffered over a century of persecution under the rule of the Ancient Greek Empire (250-138 BCE) ending with the miracle of Hanukah when the Ancient Greeks were overthrown. The fourth exile began with the destruction of the second Temple (70 CE) at the hands of the Roman Empire and has, unfortunately, continued until this very day.

The King’s Dream, the Prophet’s Interpretation

The Book of Daniel[iii] describes at length a prophetic dream beheld by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar, in which he learned of the rise and eventual downfall of these four empires.

Nebuchadnezzar saw before him a giant, frightening statue, made from a range of different materials: the head from solid gold, the arms and upper body from pure silver, the lower stomach and thigh from copper, the calves from iron, and the feet and toes from a combination of iron and earthenware. A rock suddenly appeared and struck the statue’s feet, toppling it. The statue then turned to dust and was blown away, while the rock grew into an enormous mountain, filling the entire world.

The prophet Daniel explained to the king that Hashem had shown him the four powers that would rule the world and subjugate the Jewish nation. The golden head signified the Babylonians, and the silver body symbolized the Persians and Medes. The Greeks were represented by the copper stomach and thighs, while the Romans were symbolized by the iron calves. The feet, composed of a mixture of iron and earthenware, alluded to the eventual division of the Roman Empire into two competing kingdoms, each of which would see both periods of wealth and power (iron) and periods of decline (earthenware). Ultimately, Mashiah, symbolized by the rock, will arise, overtake all the nations, and then rule over the entire world.

The commentaries[iv] explain that this split in the Roman Empire refers to the rise of Islam (around 600 CE), when much of the world broke off from the Christian Roman Empire and adopted the Islamic religion. For many years henceforth, the world at large was divided between Christian and Muslim countries, with each asserting power and supremacy over the other at different periods in history. While in some periods the Christians were more powerful, at other times the Muslim countries exerted greater power and influence. These commentaries further note[v] that in the days prior to Mashiah’s arrival there will no longer be two world powers, but rather ten ruling countries, as alluded to by the ten toes of the statue.

Accordingly, as the Abarbenel[vi] comments, Nebuchadnezzar’s prophecy foresaw that during the fourth exile – our present one – we will endure suffering at the hands of two nations: the descendants of Esav (Christians), and the descendants of Yishmael (Muslims). Both were originally united under Roman rule and destroyed the second Temple, but later, with the rise of Islam, they split into two kingdoms, both of which have ruled over and oppressed Jews at different points throughout this long, bitter exile.

The Longest and Harshest Exile

As he identified the iron in the statue as representing the Roman Empire, Daniel explained that iron, the strongest of all metals, symbolizes the great strength that this nation will possess. Indeed, as the Ramban comments[vii], the Roman Empire was the strongest empire in history, and its six hundred years of power far exceed the length of any other nation’s period of world dominion

The Jews’ suffering during this fourth exile has likewise far surpassed anything we have endured previously, in both length and intensity.  This exile has already lasted for nearly two thousand years, during which time untold numbers of Jews have been killed, tortured or expelled from their lands.  During the 52 year period from the Temple’s destruction through the fall of Beitar alone, the Romans slaughtered millions upon millions of Jews.  The Roman Empire was relentless in its opposition to Jewish study and practice, banning Torah study and executing the ten greatest Torah scholars of the time – the asara haruge malchut. This unfortunate pattern of persecution has continued, in one form or another, almost unabated throughout the centuries of exile.

Some five centuries ago, Rabbi Haim Vital, zt”l[viii], predicted that in the days preceding Mashiah’s arrival the Jews will endure unimaginable suffering under the Arabs, worse than anything they had suffered previously. The ruthless oppression of Rome and the vicious bloodshed of the Arab nations combine to make this fourth exile far more bitter and painful than the previous three.

What is the source of these nations’ strength, and why were they granted the ability to inflict so much more harm upon us than other hostile nations?

The Spiritual Strength of Esav and Yishmael

The fourth exile under the Romans is known as Galut Edom[ix], as the original pioneers of the city of Rome descended from Esav, who is also known as “Edom.”[x] (Esav and his children settled in a land bordering Eress Yisrael which they called Edom[xi], but eventually some of his descendants left and became the pioneers of Rome.[xii])

Rome draws its spiritual strength from its forefather, Esav. The Midrash[xiii] comments that after Yaakov received the blessings that Yizhak had intended to confer upon Esav, Yizhak told Esav that if Yaakov or his children would sin, they would come under his dominion. Indeed, the Talmud[xiv] teaches that when King Shelomo (Solomon) married the Egyptian princess, who brought with her music that was used in idol worship, Gd dispatched the angel Gavriel to form the ground upon which Rome was eventually built. And later, when King Yeravam built two houses of idol worship in Eress Yisrael, the first settlements were built in Rome.[xv] (This account is consistent with archeological findings.  The earliest traces of settlement in Rome date back to the 10^th Century BCE[xvi], coinciding with the 21 year reign of Yeravam from 922 to 901 BCE[xvii].) With time, Rome grew and drew strength from the sins of the Jewish Nation, to the point where they succeeded in occupying Eress Yisrael, destroying the Temple, persecuting and exiling many of the Jews.[xviii]

The Arab Muslims, who identify themselves as the descendants of Ishmael (the son of Avraham and Hagar), receive their spiritual strength from their forefather, Yishmael. For one thing, as the Midrash[xix] observes, Yishmael is the only nation besides Yisrael whose name incorporates the Name of Gd (“Yishma-EL”). Others note that Yishmael is the only one besides Am Yisrael to whom the Torah refers with the term “adam”[xx], because he was a child of Avraham and underwent circumcision.[xxi] (Even today, Muslim boys undergo circumcision.) The Ramban[xxii] points to yet another source of Yishmael’s strength, namely, the suffering his mother endured while serving in the tent of Sarah. As Sarah had been unable to conceive, she had Avraham marry Hagar, her maidservant, who conceived immediately. Hagar’s pregnancy led her to feel superior to Sarah, and she began treating her mistress disrespectfully. Sarah, with Avraham’s consent, responded by imposing difficult labor upon her maidservant, to remind Hagar of her place in the household. As a result however, Hagar’s descendants would later bring intolerable pain and suffering upon Sarah’s offspring.

All these factors contribute to the spiritual strength that enables radical Muslims to oppress the Jewish people to the extent that they do today.

Moreover, the very fact that the nations of Edom and Yishmael descend from our great patriarchs, Avraham and Yizhak, serves as a source of power and spiritual strength.  These sacred roots, which are unique to Esav and Yishmael, endow these nations with the capacity to inflict far more harm than other gentile peoples.

In view of their great spiritual powers, there is even a greater urgency for the final redemption than ever before. Only by Hashem through his messenger – Mashiah, can we emerge completely from this endless persecution.

A Seemingly Endless Exile

The Midrash teaches[xxiii] that when Yaakov Avinu dreamt his famous dream of the ladder, he was shown the ministering angels of these four empires that would subjugate his descendants. He saw the Babylonian angel ascend seventy rungs of the ladder towards heaven and then descend, the Persian/Mede angel ascend fifty-two rungs and descend, and the Greek angel ascend one hundred and eighty rungs and descend. The number of rungs each angel ascended corresponds with the number of years they oppressed the Jews. The Roman angel, however, ascended to the heavens without ever returning, symbolic of the seemingly endless Roman exile.

This does not mean, of course, that this exile will never end.  The commentators explained that this exile, unlike the previous three, will not end on its own; it is contingent upon the Jewish people’s atonement .  Only through our wholehearted repentance[xxiv] will Hashem send us Mashiah and bring a permanent end to this long period of suffering.

Galut Today

There are many who feel that our situation today cannot be compared with the past 1,900 years of exile. After the Holocaust and the founding of the State of Israel in 1948, Jews in most parts of the world no longer suffer the kind of persecution we’ve endured in the past, and anti-Semitism has become unacceptable in many parts of the world. The freedoms of the democratic world allow us to practice our religion, engage in all professions and trades, and enjoy comforts that were never available to us in the past.  And a large percentage of Jews have returned to Israel and rebuilt the land to an extent that has not been seen since the destruction of the second Temple.

In next month’s column we will discuss the Period Immediately Preceding Mashiah.

[i]Commentary to the Mishna, introduction to Masechet Sanhedrin, chapter 11.

[ii] Midrash Raba, Lech-lecha, 44:17.

[iii] Chapter 2.

[iv] Abarbenel, Zecharya 6:3.

[v] Malbim, Daniel 2:42.

[vi] Zecharya 6:3.

[vii] Beresheet 36:43.

[viii] Eitz Hada’at Tov, Tehilim, chapter 124.

[ix] Midrash Raba, Lech-lecha, 44:17.

[x] Beresheet 36:1.

[xi] Beresheet, chapter 36.

[xii] See Rashi and Ramban to Beresheet 36:43 and 50:31.

[xiii] Midrash Raba, Toldot 67:7.

[xiv] Masechet Shabat 56b.

[xv]Masechet Shabat 56b.

[xvi] Chris Scarre, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (London: Penguin Books, 1995).

[xvii] William F. Albright, The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra

[xviii] Maharsha, Sanhedrin 21b.

[xix] Pirke D’rabbi Eliezer, chapter 30.

[xx] Eitz Hada’at Tov, Tehilim, chapter 124.

[xxi] Eitz Hada’at Tov, Tehilim, chapter 124.

[xxii] Beresheet 16:6.

[xxiii] See Ramban to Beresheet 28:12.

[xxiv] See Rambam, Hilchot Teshuva 7:5.